Health 4.0: How Virtualization and Big Data are Revolutionizing Healthcare

257 Pages·2017·5.71 MB·English

by  Christoph Thuemmler

Christoph Thuemmler · Chunxue Bai
Editors
Health 4.0: How
Virtualization and Big
Data are Revolutionizing
Healthcare
Health 4.0: How Virtualization and Big Data
are Revolutionizing Healthcare
Christoph Thuemmler Chunxue Bai
(cid:129)
Editors
Health 4.0: How
Virtualization and Big Data
are Revolutionizing
Healthcare
123
Editors
Christoph Thuemmler Chunxue Bai
Schoolof Computing Zhongshan Hopsital
Edinburgh NapierUniversity FudanUniversity
Edinburgh Shanghai
UK China
ISBN978-3-319-47616-2 ISBN978-3-319-47617-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-47617-9
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016956825
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Preface
“He who does not expect the unexpected will not find it, since it is trackless and
unexplored”
HeraclitusofEphesus(535BC–475BC)
“Yourtaskisnottoforeseethefuture,buttoenableit”
AntoinedeSaint-Exupéry(1900–1942)
During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the art of medicine was advanced,
especially with regard to therapeutic interventions. Now the focus has shifted over
recent decades, we are able to look deeper and deeper into the micro-cosmos,
observing and analyzing molecular structures, such as DNA, and even go beyond
this looking at atomic and sub-atomic level, our ability to foresee is growing
stronger. While the elders could only treat conditions they could grasp with their
hands, digital imaging became the ultimate diagnostic weapon of the twentieth
century,makingsmaller andsmaller structuralchanges recognizable. Thisallowed
fasterdiagnosisandtreatmentofdiseases.Whiletodaypreventionisbasedonearly
recognition,tomorrow’smedicalstrategies willbebased onanticipation. Whileno
mancanforeseethefuturewecanlearnfromthepastandapplythelessonslearned
in the present, thereby enabling the future. Medicine has always been in a creative
dialogue right at the interface of art, philosophy and science. The evolution of
medicinehasalwaysbeendrivenbyacombinationofsoftandhardfactors;human
factors—such as the reluctance to change, social and societal forces—such as
ethics, legislation and economics and technical progress such as the evolution of
machinesandcomputers.Allofthesefactorshavecontributedtotheemergenceof
e-health and m-health in the late twentieth century.
Now, at the beginning of the twenty-first century we find ourselves (almost)
ready to individualize health care by not only sequencing individual DNA and
tracking down intra-individual changes in real time, but also to turn our newly
v
vi Preface
gained wisdom into individualized “theragnostic” strategies, which has already
started to fundamentally change healthcare and the way it is delivered.
Twentieth century healthcare was driven by statistical averages, which were
reflected in values defining normality, the type and dose of medication prescribed,
the surgical approach to be chosen, etc., future practice will be turning away from
generalization and move towards the definition of individual real-time require-
ments. Personalized medicine or precision medicine will allow for individualized
treatment anywhere, anyhow and at any time.
Atthesametime,healthmonitoringandmanagementwillbecomemorepersonal
and timely as new technologies will enable individuals to conduct routine health
monitoring and management activities on the go using virtualization tools and
cyber-physicalsystemsbasedonIndustry4.0designprinciplesconnectingthephysical
andthevirtualworldinrealtime.However,safety,securityandprivacyaspectsareof
utmost importance for Health 4.0 strategies to thrive and unfold their beneficial
potential. New network technologies, such as the 5th generation network (5G) will
enableubiquitousaccess,enhanceconnectivityandallowtheadhocorchestrationof
services,integratingpatients,formalandinformalcarers,socialworkersandmedical
practitioners.
Smart algorithms will allow for the monitoring and enhanced management of
especially chronic, non-communicable conditions such as asthma, diabetes, multi-
ple sclerosis or cancer. The prime target of these technologies will be to enable
lower qualified individuals to conduct the routine tasks of higher qualified indi-
viduals and identify patients in need of expert attention or intervention.
Virtualizationinthehealthdomaincomeswiththeemergenceofnextgeneration
mobile network strategies (5G). While the global pick-up rate of e-health and
m-healthtechnologieshassofarbeenpatchyandbehindexpectation,newnetwork
technologies will provide the missing pieces towards comprehensive care
virtualization:
(cid:129) 100 times more devices to be able to connect
(cid:129) Reduction of latency times below 5 ms
(cid:129) Improvement of coverage
(cid:129) Enhancement of battery life
(cid:129) Improvement of security, quality of service (QoS) and quality of experience
(QoE)
(cid:129) Enhanced bandwidth
(cid:129) Enabling the (medical) Internet of Things
The Health 4.0 approach, which is derived from the manufacturing industry’s
well-known Industry 4.0 concept, will ultimately turn into a win-win situation for all
stakeholdersasitenhancesandfacilitatesacollectiveapproachtowardsamanageable
future in the light of changing socio-economic conditions. However, Health 4.0 is a
chancetoturnthesesocio-economicchallengesintoeconomicopportunitiesgiventhe
fact that the average Chinese spending on healthcare is around 5% of the GDP while
European spending is around 10% of the GDP and rising. This is only topped by the
US economy where around 18% of the GDP is spent on healthcare.
Preface vii
ItisthusexcitingtoseehowthemovetowardsvirtualizationunderaHealth4.0
frameworkmayenhanceourcapabilitytoexpecttheunexpectedandthusenableus
to cope with emerging challenges such as the growing concern of resistance to
antibiotics, malaria, viral outbreaks and cancer and increase effectiveness and
efficiency of care.
Edinburgh, UK Christoph Thuemmler
Shanghai, China Chunxue Bai
Contents
1 The Case for Health 4.0 . ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 1
Christoph Thuemmler
2 Health 4.0: Application of Industry 4.0 Design Principles
in Future Asthma Management.... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 23
Christoph Thuemmler and Chunxue Bai
3 Data Traffic Forecast in Health 4.0 . .... .... .... .... ..... .... 39
Alois Paulin
4 Smart Pharmaceuticals.. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 61
Bruce G. Bender, Henry Chrystyn and Bernard Vrijens
5 Surgery 4.0 ... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 91
Hubertus Feussner, Daniel Ostler, Michael Kranzfelder, Nils Kohn,
Sebastian Koller, Dirk Wilhelm, Christoph Thuemmler
and Armin Schneider
6 #FocusOnTheEndUser: The Approach to Consumer-Centered
Healthcare .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 109
Matthias Mettler
7 Virtualization of Health Care: The Role of Capacity Building .... 125
Ai Keow Lim
8 E-Health in China.. .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 155
Chunxue Bai
9 Mobile Edge Computing. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 187
Swaroop Nunna and Karthikeyan Ganesan
10 A Health 4.0 Based Approach Towards the Management
of Multiple Sclerosis .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 205
Nikolaos Grigoriadis, Christos Bakirtzis, Christos Politis,
Kostas Danas, Christoph Thuemmler and Ai Keow Lim
ix
x Contents
11 Towards Trust and Governance in Integrated Health
and Social Care Platforms .... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 219
William Buchanan, Christoph Thuemmler, Grzegorz Spyra,
Adrian Smales and Biraj Prajapati
12 Security for Cyber-Physical Systems in Healthcare .... ..... .... 233
Kashif Saleem, Zhiyuan Tan and William Buchanan
Index .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 253
Contributors
Chunxue Bai Pulmonary Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University,
Shanghai, China
Christos Bakirtzis B’ Department of Neurology and the Multiple Sclerosis
Center, Faculty of Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
Bruce G. Bender Center for Health Promotion, National Jewish Health, Denver,
CO, USA
WilliamBuchanan SchoolofComputing,MerchistonCampus,EdinburghNapier
University, Edinburgh, UK
Henry Chrystyn Inhalation Consultancy, Leeds, UK
KostasDanas SchoolofComputerScienceandMathematics,DigitalInformation
ResearchCentre(DIRC),KingstonUniversity,KingstonuponThames,Surrey,UK
Hubertus Feussner Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical
University Munich, Munich, Germany; Research Group MITI, Klinikum Rechts
der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
Karthikeyan Ganesan 5G—Internet of Vehicles Group, Huawei European
Research Center, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
Nikolaos Grigoriadis B’ Department of Neurology and the Multiple Sclerosis
Center, Faculty of Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
NilsKohn ResearchGroupMITI,KlinikumRechtsderIsar,TechnicalUniversity
Munich, Munich, Germany
Sebastian Koller Research Group MITI, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical
University Munich, Munich, Germany
xi