Heads, Jaws, and Muscles: Anatomical, Functional, and Developmental Diversity in Chordate Evolution

310 Pages·2019·17.53 MB·English

by  Janine M. Ziermann

Fascinating Life Sciences
Janine M. Ziermann
Raul E. Diaz Jr
Rui Diogo Editors
Heads, Jaws,
and Muscles
Anatomical, Functional,
and Developmental Diversity
in Chordate Evolution
Fascinating Life Sciences
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Janine M. Ziermann
Raul E. Diaz Jr • Rui Diogo
Editors
Heads, Jaws, and
Muscles
Anatomical, Functional, and
Developmental Diversity in
Chordate Evolution
Editors
Janine M. Ziermann Raul E. Diaz Jr
Department of Anatomy Department of Biology
Howard University La Sierra University
Washington, DC Riverside
District of Columbia California
USA USA
Rui Diogo
Department of Anatomy
Howard University
Washington, DC
District of Columbia
USA
ISSN 2509-6745 ISSN 2509-6753 (electronic)
Fascinating Life Sciences
ISBN 978-3-319-93559-1 ISBN 978-3-319-93560-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93560-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018965739
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Preface
The vertebrate head is the most complex part of the animal body, and its
diversity in nature reflects a variety of lifestyles, feeding modes, and
ecological adaptations. The past decades brought many new insights into the
development and evolution of the head, jaw, and associated muscles. Our
head is crucial for our communication with other living beings and mediating
our interaction with the environment through the use of our jaws, eyes, ears,
nose, and brain that allow us to eat, speak, breathe, and express ourselves.
Furthermore, the evolution of the vertebrate head is a fascinating story that
has been captivating generations of scientists and the broader public interested
in knowing more about the appearance of the jaws, the differentiation of
sensory organs (e.g., the eyes and nose), the varying complexity of brains or
skulls, and the variations in nerves, muscles, and/or blood supply.
In this book, experts joined forces to integrate, for the first time, state-of-
the-art knowledge on the anatomy, development, function, diversity, and
evolution of the head and jaws and their muscles within all major groups of
extant vertebrates. Considerations about and comparisons with fossil taxa,
including emblematic groups such as dinosaurs (Chap. 10), are also a land-
mark of this book, which will be a leading reference for many years to come.
This book will take you on a journey to discover the origin and diversifica-
tion of the head, which evolved from a seemingly headless chordate ancestor
(Chap. 1). Building on the recent discovery of the cardiopharyngeal field in
urochordates and on the comparative anatomy of chordate and vertebrate
muscles, Chapter 1 focusses on the broader comparative and developmental
anatomy of chordate muscles and the origin of vertebrate cephalic muscles.
Despite their structural diversity, the heads develop in a highly conserved
fashion in vertebrate embryos. Major sensory organs like the eyes, ears, nose,
and brain develop in close association with surrounding tissues such as bones,
cartilages, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. Ultimately, this integrated unit
of tissues gives rise to the complex functionality of the musculoskeletal
system as a result of sensory and neural feedback, most notably in the use of
the vertebrate jaws, a major vertebrate innovation lacking in extant hagfishes
and lampreys. In particular the origin of the vertebrate jaw is still controversial;
several hypotheses need further experimental testing in order to be
contradicted or further supported (Chaps. 2 and 3). Interestingly, recent
discoveries showed that some members of the earliest jawed vertebrates, the
placoderms, have had teeth and hypobranchial muscles similar to those in
extant chondrichthyans (Chap. 2). These features, together with the evolution
v
vi Preface
of jaws and, later in evolution, of a neck, allowed jawed vertebrates to be
more efficient in food and water intake (Chap. 4).
The cranium diversified in cartilaginous fishes (sharks, rays, skates;
Chap. 4) and bony fishes (Osteichthyes, which include ray-finned fish—
Actinopterygii—that are covered in Chapter 5, and lobe-finned fish—the
Sarcopterygii). The Sarcopterygii include lungfishes (Chap. 6), which are
essential for our understanding of the major transition from fishes living in an
aquatic environment to tetrapods living mostly on land. The new land envi-
ronment is related to new requirements for the skull, jaw, and their muscles.
While larval amphibians are somewhat more similar to lungfishes (Chap. 7),
adult amphibians clearly have several adaptations for living on land (Chap. 7).
Reptiles are so diverse in their lifestyles, feeding modes, and ecological adap-
tations that they are covered in several chapters in this book (Chelonia: turtles
in Chap. 8; Lepidosauria: tuatara, snakes, lizards, worm lizards, in Chap. 9;
and Archosauria: birds and crocodiles, in Chap. 10). Mammals with a special
focus on facial muscles and on primates, which include our own species, are
discussed in Chapter 11.
All chapters cover unique aspects about the evolution and diversification
of the vertebrate head and head muscles. Several chapters integrate
paleontological findings that help to understand changes that lead to the huge
variety in the heads of extant taxa, seen today. Furthermore, some gene regu-
latory networks are surprisingly conserved (Chap. 1) and present from the
earliest chordates to mammals. Many chapters include developmental data
from modern experimental methods to present hypothesis about homology of
structures, therefore shedding light on their evolutionary development.
Washington, DC Janine M. Ziermann
Riverside, CA Raul E. Diaz Jr
Washington, DC Rui Diogo
Acknowledgments
A book like this is not possible without the support and contribution of many
colleagues and friends. We, therefore, thank all the chapter authors and peer
reviewers for their outstanding contributions to this book. The following
reviewers reviewed one or multiple chapters (in alphabetical order): Virginia
Abdala, Carole Burrow, Gerardo Antonio Cordero, David Cundall, Anthony
Herrel, Tatsuya Hirasawa, Casey Holliday, Philippe Janvier, Peter Johnston,
Shigeru Kuratani, John A. Long, Philip Motta, Sebastien Olive, Alan Pradel,
Lauren Sallan, Jayc Sedlmayr, Vivian Shaw, Christopher A. Sheil, and Sam
van Wassenbergh. We also thank Vignesh Iyyadurai Suresh from Springer
Nature for shepherding this project forward with such great care and
efficiency. Finally, we thank our families and friends for all their support
throughout our careers.
vii
Contents
1 Evolution of Chordate Cardiopharyngeal Muscles
and the Origin of Vertebrate Head Muscles ................ 1
Janine M. Ziermann and Rui Diogo
2 Early Vertebrates and the Emergence of Jaws .............. 23
Zerina Johanson, Catherine A. Boisvert, and Kate Trinajstic
3 Cranium, Cephalic Muscles, and Homologies
in Cyclostomes ........................................ 45
Janine M. Ziermann
4 Chondrichthyan Evolution, Diversity, and Senses ........... 65
Catherine A. Boisvert, Peter Johnston, Kate Trinajstic,
and Zerina Johanson
5 Actinopterygians: Head, Jaws and Muscles ................ 93
Alessia Huby and Eric Parmentier
6 Sarcopterygian Fishes, the “Lobe-Fins” ................... 119
Alice M. Clement
7 Diversity of Heads, Jaws, and Cephalic Muscles
in Amphibians ........................................ 143
Janine M. Ziermann
8 Evolution, Diversity, and Development of the Craniocervical
System in Turtles with Special Reference to Jaw
Musculature .......................................... 171
Gabriel S. Ferreira and Ingmar Werneburg
9 An Integrative View of Lepidosaur Cranial Anatomy,
Development, and Diversification ........................ 207
Raul E. Diaz Jr and Paul A. Trainor
10 The Skull and Head Muscles of Archosauria ............... 229
Daniel Smith-Paredes and Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar
11 The Origin and Evolution of Mammalian Head Muscles
with Special Emphasis on the Facial Myology of Primates
and Modern Humans .................................. 253
Rui Diogo and Vance Powell
Index .................................................... 295
ix
Contributors
Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale
University, New Haven, CT, USA
Catherine A. Boisvert School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin
University, Bentley, WA, Australia
Alice M. Clement School of Biological Sciences, College of Science and
Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
Raul E. Diaz Jr Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana
University, Hammond, LA, USA
Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Rui  Diogo Department of Anatomy, Howard University, Washington,
DC, USA
Gabriel  S.  Ferreira Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and
Palaeoenvironment, Eberhard Karls Universität, Tübingen, Germany
Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Eberhard-Karls-Universität, Tübingen,
Germany
Laboratório de Paleontologia de Ribeirão Preto, FFCLRP, Universidade de
São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
Alessia  Huby Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology,
University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Institut de Chimie, Liège, Belgium
Zerina Johanson Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum,
London, UK
Peter Johnston Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University
of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Eric Parmentier Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology,
University of Liège, Quartier Agora, Institut de Chimie, Liège, Belgium
Vance Powell CASHP, Department of Anthropology, George Washington
University, Washington, DC, USA
Daniel  Smith-Paredes Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale
University, New Haven, CT, USA
xi