Headmost Accent Wins

356 Pages·2012·1.34 MB·English

Headmost Accent Wins
Headmost Accent Wins
Head Dominance and Ideal Prosodic Form in
Lexical Accent Systems
Proefschrift
ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor
aan de Universiteit Leiden,
op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Dr. W. A. Wagenaar,
hoogleraar in de faculteit der Sociale Wetenschappen,
volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties
te verdedigen op woensdag 13 januari 1999
te klokke 16.15 uur
door
ANTHOULA REVITHIADOU
geboren te Katerini (Griekenland) in 1971
Promotiecommissie
promotor: Prof. dr. J. G. Kooij
co-promotor: Dr. H. G. van der Hulst
referent: Prof. dr. J. ItA, University of California, Santa Cruz
overige leden: Prof. dr. G. E. Booij, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
Prof. G. Drachman, Universit#t Salzburg
Prof. dr. M. van Oostendorp, Universiteit van Amsterdam
Dr. R. W. J. Kager, Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht
ISBN 90-5569-059-7
© 1999 by Anthi Revithiadou. All rights reserved.
Printed in The Netherlands
*-(cid:19)(cid:31) #(cid:23)(cid:25)#(cid:11);(cid:31)J(cid:23)9 (cid:29)#/ (cid:25)(cid:5)(cid:23)
)-# Martin
Acknowledgments
I am afraid that it is impossible to include in a few lines the names of all of
those who have contributed in some way or other to the production of this
thesis. Ironically, the rules concerning the public defense at Leiden University
prevent me from mentioning the names of those who helped me most. Therefore
I want to thank collectively all members at HIL for creating a friendly and
stimulating environment. I would like, however, to mention a few who
contributed to my development as a linguist and as a person during the last four
years.
I consider myself extremely fortunate for being surrounded by a great group
of people in Leiden. I would like to thank Ruben van de Vijver for our
wonderful discussions on both phonological and psychological stress. Aran
Elordieta is not only a dear friend who shares with me the passion for the
Mediterranean but also a dear colleague who helped me with the syntactic
issues of this thesis. I am also grateful to Ana Arregui, Marika Butskhrikidze,
João Costa, Rob Goedemans, Martin Honcoop, Michael Redford, Gra(cid:213)yna
Rowicka, Jeroen van de Weijer and the HIL secretary, José Birker for helping
me in various ways.
Marina Nespor and Norval Smith not only contributed to my development as
a phonologist but also sponsored me in various applications for grants. I want to
thank them both for investing their energy in me.
My visit to Stanford and Santa Cruz played a decisive role in my thinking and
orientation. I wish to thank those who made my stay there such a linguistically
stimulating experience. I owe special thanks to Paul Kiparsky for his kindness
and generosity.
My trips abroad would not have been possible without the financial aid of
NWO (Dutch Organization for Scientific Research), LOT (Netherlands
Graduate School of Linguistics) and HIL, whose contributions are gratefully
acknowledged. My stay in Holland was made possible with a fellowship
provided by the Faculteit der Letteren of Leiden University. I hope they are
convinced that the money was not wasted.
Finally, I would like to express my gratitude to the person that twice
supported my grant proposals at Leiden University and made me a research
assistant when my contract expired. Unfortunately, I am not allowed to mention
his name. Σε ευχαριστI για τη Qιλ?α και την εµπιστοσEνη που µου ;δειξε+
ειδικ9 στι+ πιο δEσκολε+ περιCδου+.
Greece has a very special place in my heart and so do its people. I wish to
thank my teachers at Aristotle University, especially A. Charalabopulos, T.
Christidis, K. Katsanis, M. Setatos, M. Stavrou, C. Tsitsilis, S. Tsohatzidis and
−
J. Veloudis, for implanting the virus of linguistics in me. Marianna Margariti
−
Roga, Anna Anastasiadi Simeonidi and Aggeliki Ralli showed in many ways
their interest in my work and their confidence in me. Their support is something
that I will never forget (cid:25)(cid:5)(cid:23) -(cid:23)+ ε/3(cid:5)’(cid:23))-I (cid:5)%C -(cid:5) (cid:7)9(cid:21)(cid:19) -(cid:19)+ (cid:25)(cid:5)’(cid:13)(cid:23)9+ (cid:29)#/.
−
Aggeliki Malikouti Drachman showed me the way to Leiden and I will always
be grateful for that. Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to my
fellow colleague Ioanna Kappa for being so attentive.
Leaving Greece in 1994 also meant leaving behind my friends. I never got
over their absence. I want to thank them for staying close in spite of the
distance, and giving me all these wonderful memories which kept Greece alive
in my heart. Thanks to Dina, Efkleia, Margarita, Sofia and, the best friend of all
times, Dimitris.
My family has been an inexhaustible source of courage for me. I want to
thank my sisters Evaggelia and Sofia for being there when I needed them most
and showing to me that life is not always work and linguistics. Thanks to the
children, Ino and Dimitris, for reminding me that life can be beautiful and
simple. Thanks to my brother-in-law, Ilias, for developing into one of my
biggest supporters.
My lovely parents, Artemis and Miltiadis, have shown to me unconditional
love. They taught me not to be afraid of life and always pursue my dreams. I
want to thank them for accepting my decision to go abroad and offering me help
for the first months. I know that at times my absence caused them pain and I am
sorry for all the celebrations I missed during the last few years. I hope we can
spend more time together in the future.
When I came to Leiden I never thought that I would find the Prince of my
Dreams. ,? (cid:25)(cid:5)(cid:27)E-ε’# (cid:21)(cid:5) (cid:29)%#’#E)(cid:5) (cid:31)(cid:5) (cid:17)(cid:19)-=)7 (cid:5)%C (cid:5)/-= -(cid:19) (cid:17)7=S Thank you
Martin for drinking capuccino with me, for loving me the way you do, for
sharing your life with me.
Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................1
0.1. The proposal..........................................................................................1
0.1.1. Lexical accents and prosodic form...................................................2
0.1.2. Lexical accents and the prosody-morphology interface: ‘Head(most)
accent wins’......................................................................................4
0.2. Organization of the thesis ......................................................................8
1 A Typology of Stress Systems.........................................................11
1.1. Introduction .........................................................................................11
1.1.1. Fixed-stress systems.......................................................................12
1.1.2. Free-stress systems or rather, interface systems..............................14
1.2. Optimality Theory and Stress Typology...............................................25
1.2.1. Optimality Theory..........................................................................25
1.2.2. Constraints and stress typology......................................................26
1.3. Conclusions.........................................................................................31
Appendix: Factorial Typology of Stress Systems........................................32
2 The Theory of Lexical Accents........................................................41
2.1. Introduction .........................................................................................41
2.2. The Theory of Lexical Accents............................................................43
2.2.1. What is a lexical accent?................................................................43
2.2.2. Correspondence Theory and prosodic faithfulness .........................51
2.2.3. Lexical specification and the lexicon..............................................56
2.2.4. Lexical accent: an autosegment or a prosodic role? .......................56
2.3. Lexical Constituency............................................................................58
2.3.1. Lexical marking as pre-assigned feet..............................................58
2.3.2. Lexical marking as inherent prominence .......................................59
2.4. Lexical Representation.........................................................................60
2.4.1. Lexical marking as prespecified heads............................................60
2.4.2. Lexical marking as prespecified brackets........................................62
2.4.3. Edge, parenthesis and head parameters...........................................64
2.4.3.1. The theory................................................................................64
2.4.3.2. Lexical marking in Russian......................................................66
2.5. Parameters and Constraints .................................................................70
2.5.1. Lexical marking as variable parameters settings.............................70
2.5.2. Lexical marking as ‘parochial’ constraints and constraint-
reranking.................................................................................................71
Appendix: Evidence for Unaccentability from Tone Languages..................75
3 Lexical Accents and Prosodic Form ...................................................81
3.1. Introduction .........................................................................................81
3.1.1. Theoretical explorations in chapter 3..............................................81
Greek..........................................................................................................84
3.2. Background Information on Greek.......................................................85
3.3. Previous Analyses of Greek Stress.......................................................88
3.3.1. Philippaki–Warburton (1976) ........................................................88
3.3.2. Ralli (1988), Ralli and Touradzidis (1992).....................................89
3.3.3. Malikouti−Drachman and Drachman (1989), Drachman and
Malikouti−Drachman (1996)....................................................................90
3.4. Accentual Patterns in Nouns................................................................93
3.4.1. The facts........................................................................................93
3.4.2. Marked and unmarked patterns.......................................................95
3.4.3. Common patterns and gaps.............................................................97
3.5. Accentuation of Nouns with One Lexical Accent.................................99
3.5.1. Marked feet in the pool..................................................................99
3.5.2. Nouns with a marked root............................................................104
3.5.2.1. Accented roots .......................................................................104
3.5.2.2. Unaccentable roots.................................................................107
3.5.3. Nouns with a marked inflectional suffix.......................................111
3.5.3.1. Accented inflectional suffixes................................................111
3.5.3.2. Pre-accenting inflectional suffixes..........................................112
3.6. Accentuation of Nouns with no Lexical Accents................................116
3.6.1. Default vs. marking...................................................................117
3.7. Loan Words and Diacritic Marking....................................................118
3.8. Accentuation of Adjectives and Verbs................................................124
3.9. Assessment and Conclusions of Greek Accentuation..........................125
Russian.....................................................................................................127
3.10. Background Information on Russian ................................................128
3.11. Accentual Patterns in Nouns ............................................................132
3.11.1. The facts....................................................................................132
3.11.2. Common patterns and gaps.........................................................135
3.12. Accentuation of Nouns with One Lexical Accent.............................136
3.12.1. Templatic marking in Russian....................................................136
3.12.2. Nouns with a marked root..........................................................137
3.12.2.1. Accented roots......................................................................137
3.12.2.2. Unaccentable roots...............................................................139
3.12.3. Nouns with a marked inflectional suffix.....................................142
3.12.3.1. Accented inflectional suffixes ..............................................143
3.12.3.2. Bimoraic inflectional suffixes...............................................143
3.13. Accentuation of Nouns with no Lexical Accents..............................146
3.14. Periphery and Diachrony: Keys for Synchrony.................................147
3.15. Accentuation of Adjectives and Verbs..............................................151
3.16. Assessment and Conclusions of Russian Accentuation.....................153
3.17. Summary and Conclusions of Chapter 3...........................................154
Appendix: Evidence for Exhaustive Parsing in Russian.............................158
4 Lexical Accents and Head Dominance in Fusional Languages.........171
4.1.Introduction ........................................................................................171
4.1.1. Theoretical explorations in chapter 4............................................172
Greek........................................................................................................176
4.2. Inflected Words: The Facts................................................................176
4.3. Prosodic Compositionality.................................................................178
4.3.1. Compositionality in grammar.......................................................182
4.4. The Notion ‘Head of the Word’.........................................................184
4.4.1. Inflectional suffixes and headedness ...........................................184
4.4.2. Derivational suffixes and headedness...........................................188
4.5. Prosodic Compositionality and Head Dominance in
Inflected Words .................................................................................189
4.6. Derived Words: The Facts..................................................................194
4.7. Dominance as Ordered Stratum and Cyclicity....................................197
4.7.1. Dominance as ordered stratum.....................................................197
4.7.2. Dominance as cyclicity................................................................199
4.8. Prosodic Compositionality and Head Dominance in
Derived Words...................................................................................202
4.8.1. Accented derivational suffixes .....................................................202
4.8.2. Unaccentable derivational suffixes...............................................204
4.8.3. Unmarked derivational suffixes....................................................208
4.9. Assessment and Conclusions of Greek Accentuation.........................209
Russian.....................................................................................................210
4.10. Inflected Words: The Facts..............................................................212
4.11. Prosodic Compositionality and Head Dominance in
Inflected Words..............................................................................213
4.12. Derived Words: The Facts................................................................216
4.13. Prosodic Compositionality and Head Dominance in
Derived Words..................................................................................220
4.13.1. Accented derivational suffixes....................................................220
4.13.2. Unaccentable derivational suffixes.............................................222
4.13.3. Unmarked derivational suffixes..................................................224
4.14. Some ‘Exceptions’ to Head Dominance?..........................................226
4.15. Another View on Russian Stress: Melvold (1990)............................229
4.16. Head-Attraction: Evidence for HEADSTRESS....................................233
4.17. Assessment and Conclusions of Russian Accentuation.....................237
4.18. Summary and Conclusions of Chapter 4...........................................238
5 Lexical Accents and Head Dominance in Polysynthetic
Languages................................................................................................241
5.1.Introduction ........................................................................................241
5.1.1. Theoretical explorations in Chapter 5...........................................242
The Morphological Stem.........................................................................249
5.2. Thompson Salish (N¢e(cid:18)képmx)..........................................................250
5.2.1. Background information on Thompson........................................250
5.2.2. The Thompson facts.....................................................................253
5.2.3. Incorporation and compounding in lexical suffixation..................258
5.2.3.1. Root=LexS predicates............................................................258
5.2.3.2. Root=LexS compounds..........................................................263
5.2.4. Lexical marking...........................................................................266
5.2.5. Prosodic compositionality and head dominance in
Root=LexS predicates...................................................................271
5.2.6. The accentuation of words with no lexical accents.......................277
5.3. Spokane and Moses-Columbia Salish.................................................281
5.3.1. Background information on Spokane............................................281
5.3.2. The Spokane facts........................................................................281
5.3.3. Accentuation of Root=LexS predicates in Spokane......................284
5.3.4. Background information on Moses-Columbia (Nxa’amxcín)........285
5.3.5. The Moses-Columbia facts...........................................................286
5.4. Lillooet Salish (St’át’imcets)..............................................................290