Table Of ContentHAZARDOUS WASTE
HANDBOOK FOR
HEALTH AND SAFETY
William F. Martin
John M. Lippitt
Timothy G. Prothero
Butterworths
Boston London Durban Singapore Sydney Toronto Wellington
Copyright © 1987 by Butterworth Publishers. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hazardous waste handbook for health and safety.
Includes bibliographies and index
1. Hazardous waste sites—Safety measures—Handbooks,
manuals, etc. 2. Hazardous waste sites—Hygienic
aspects—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Environmental
Pollution—handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Lippitt, John M.
II. Prothero, Timothy G. III. Title. [DNLM: 1. Environ-
mental Monitoring—handbooks. 2. Environmental
Pollution—handbooks. 3. Industrial Waste—handbooks. WA 39
M383h]
TD811.5.M368 1986 628.4'4 86-26373
ISBN 0-409-90070-2
Butterworth Publishers
80 Montvale Avenue
Stoneham, MA 02180
10 9 8 7 6 5
Printed in the United States of America
Acknowledgments
Many individuals and organizations contributed substantially
to the development of the original four agency occupational
safety and health documents by providing technical information,
technical review, and editorial and production assistance. They
are gratefully acknowledged again for their valuable contribution
to the original documents from which this handbook was
condensed.
This practical hazardous waste health and safety handbook
would not be possible without the previous work of many
individuals, companies and several government agencies. During
the past five years the authors have worked with a host of highly
qualified professionals in the nation's efforts to safely contain
hazardous waste spills, cleanup abandoned landfills and control
hazardous chemical threats to the environment and public health.
The authors take this opportunity to acknowledge a portion of
those individuals and organizations that contributed to the vast
array of publications, lectures and training programs that served
as the basis for this publication.
Mazen Y. Anastas Charlotte Cottrill
Linda R. Anku Richard J. Costello
Robert Arnott Robert D. Cox
Barrett Benson William DeVille
Stephen Berardinelli Max Eisenberg
Robert J. Bicknell John Farthing
Linda Bochert Patrick Ford
Nancy J. Bollinger James S. Ferguson
Thomas Burke Anthony A. Fuscaldo
Barry Burrus Maurice Georgevitch
George A. Carson Charles L. Geraci
Byron R. Chadwick Ralph F. Goldman
Roger A. Clark AI Hines
Clarence Clemmons Austin Henschell
Leslie Cole Dean Y. Ikeda
Jan Connery Chris Jennings
Rory Connolly William J. Keffer
vu
viii Acknowledgments
Richard Kent James A. Rodgers
Gail F. Kleiner Richard M. Ronk
Jay C. Klemme Paul Roper
James W. Lake Walter E. Ruch
Mike Larsen Gilbert J. Saulter
Steven P. Levine Heidi Schultz
Brana Lobel Tom Sell
Donald Mackenzie James J. Severns
Karen L. Mann James Solyst
James M. Melius Frank L. Strahselm
John B. Miles Alexander Stanrunas
Ronald Miller Wesley Straub
Frank L. Mitchell Rod Turpin
Edward Morris Leslie J. Lingers
Charles M. Nenadic Leonard Vance
Lawrence J. Partridge Lynn P. Wallace
George Pettigrew James B. Walters
B. Jim Porter David Weitzman
Gerald P. Reidy Charles Whilhelm
Stanley J. Reno Mary K. White
Arthur D. Little Corporation
BCL Associates
Council of State Governments
Eastern Research Group, Inc.
Energy and Environmental Management, Inc.
GCA Corporation
Multi-Tech
National Governors' Association
PEDCo Environmental, Inc.
Phoenix Safety Associates Ltd.
Radian Corporation
SCS Engineers
S & D Engineering, Inc.
TRC Environmental Consultants, Inc.
Recognition is given to U.S. Public Health Service, OSHA,
EPA and U.S. Coast Guard for their efforts under superfund to
gather, develop, and make publicly available health and safety
publications and contractor reports.
The authors give special recognition and greatly appreciate
the editorial and manuscript assembly assistance of Sandra
Barnett Clark.
Authors
William F. Martin holds a B.S. in Civil Engineering
from the University of Kentucky and a M.S. degree
in Environmental Health Engineering from the
University of Texas. He is presently a consultant
on hazardous waste and worker training in
association with GSX Services, Inc., Clearwater,
Florida, with a professional engineer license
in Texas and Kentucky. During 22 years with the
U.S. Public Health Service, he held positions with
the Indian Health Service, U.S. Coast Guard,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
and National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health.
John M. Lippitt holds a B.S. in Environmental
Studies from Bowling Green State University and a
M.S. in Environmental Science from Miami
University. He has been a Registered Sanitarian in
Ohio since 1975. During eleven years of
professional experience he has served as a Public
Health Sanitarian, conducted carcinogen testing
development research with the USEPA, provided
monitoring and enforcement of hazardous waste
regulations as an on-site representative of the
Ohio EPA at a major hazardous waste landfill, and
provided environmental and health and safety
consulting services as an employee of SCS
Engineer, WAPORA, Inc., two environmental
engineering consulting firms, and currently as an
independent consultant.
Timothy G. Prothero is a chemist by training with
extensive field experience performing remedial
investigations and cleanups of abandoned
hazardous waste sites including Chem. Dyne,
Pristine and Summit National in Ohio. His
responsibilities and duties ranged from initial site
investigations, remedial action planning, health
and safety planning and reviews, to plan
implementations, waste handling and direction of
site cleanup activities. Mr. Prothero has been an
independent consultant since 1980. His clients
have included both government and industry.
ix
1
Introduction
In the past decade, industry, government, and the
general public have become increasingly aware of the need
to respond to the hazardous waste problem, which has grown
steadily over the past 100 years. In 1980, Congress passed
the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act (CERCLA)—the Superfund law—to provide for
liability, compensation, cleanup, and emergency response
for hazardous substances released into the environment and
the cleanup of abandoned and uncontrolled hazardous waste
disposal sites. The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
of 1976 (RCRA) sets the standards for waste handling,
storage and disposal. The 1975 law, Hazardous Materials
Transportation Act, provides regulation of hazardous
materials labeling, packaging, placarding, manifesting and
transporting.
This handbook is a guidance document for supervisors
responsible for occupational safety and health programs at
hazardous waste sites. This handbook was developed to give
site supervisors specific instructions and guidelines on
how to protect the safety and health of workers at
hazardous waste sites. A second goal of this handbook is
to improve hazardous waste operations efficiency through
knowledge and training of the work force. A third goal is
to reduce the cost of hazardous waste cleanups through
reduced law suits and liability losses of employers and
individuals.
1
2 Hazardous Waste Handbook
This manual is intended for individuals that have
direct responsibility to implement and carry out hazardous
waste site clean-up and their subcontractors. It can be
used:
o As a planning tool,
o As a management tool,
o As an educational tool,
o As a reference document.
This document is an applied industrial hygiene handbook
for hazardous waste activities and should be a valuable
source book on hazardous waste occupational safety and
health. It should be used as a preliminary basis for
developing a specific health and safety program. Consult
other sources and experienced individuals as necessary for
the detail needed to design and implement occupational
safety and health programs at specific hazardous waste
sites.
Although this manual cites Federal regulations, it is
not a definitive legal document and should not be taken as
such. Individuals who are responsible for the health and
safety of workers at hazardous waste sites should obtain
and comply with the most recent Federal, state, and local
regulations relevant to hazardous waste sites. The Codes
of Federal Regulations (CFR) publications provide the
federal regulations complete text of current law. Some of
the CFR*s of direct application to hazardous waste
operations are as follows: 40 CFR 300, 29 CFR 1910, 40 CFR
260-265, 30 CFR 11, and 49 CFR 100-199. These federal
publications can be located at major public libraries,
university libraries and most major federal and state
offices.
The following federal agencies and their parallel state
agencies can be contacted for the latest regulations,
training materials and technical updates.
U.S. Public Health Service
National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health
(NIOSH)
Hazardous Waste Program
4676 Columbia Parkway
Cincinnati, OH 45226
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Directorate of Technical Support
200 Constitution Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20210
Introduction 3
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Occupational Health and Safety
Staff (PM-273)
Washington, DC 20460
FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT ADMINISTRATION (FEMA)
500 C Street, SW
Washington, DC 20472
U.S. Coast Guard (USCG)
Environmental Response Division (G-WER-2)
2100 Second Street, SW
Washington, DC 20593
AGENCY FOR TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND DISEASE REGISTRY
Superfund Group
4770 Buford Highway
Chamblee, GA 30341
Although the handbook was designed to assist
supervisors at abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous waste
sites, the information can be used in planning for and
responding to emergencies involving hazardous materials.
A selection of a few references is provided at the end
of each chapter to provide the user of this handbook some
additional sources of more technical information.
Suggested Reading Sources
1. Lindgren, Gary F. "Managing Industrial Hazardous
Waste—Guide To" Butterworths Publishers, 1983.
2. Levine, S. P., W. F. Martin Eds., "Protecting
Personnel at Hazardous Waste Sites" Butterworths
Publishers, 1985.
3. "Hazardous Material Spills—Conference
Proceedings", Government Institutes, Inc.,
Rockville, MD.
4. "Management of Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste
Sites—Conference Proceedings", Government
Institutes, Inc., Rockville, MD.
5. "Toxic Organic Chemicals, Destruction and Waste
Treatment", Ellsworth Hackman, III Noise Data
Corporation, Parkridge, NJ, 1978.
4 Hazardous Waste Handbook
6. "Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials",
5th Ed., N. Irving Sachs VanNostrand Rhinehold
Company, 1979.
7. "Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials"
7th Edition, National Fire Protection Association,
1978.
8. "Hazardous Materials Emergency Response Guide
Book", Department of Transportation Publication
No. DOTP 5800.2, 1980.
9. "Cancer Causing Chemicals", N. Irving Sachs,
VanNostrand Rhinehold Company, 1981.
10. "Chemical Hazards Response Information (CHRIS)",
Department of Transportation, United States Coast
Guard, 1978.
11. "Response Methods Handbook of Chemical Hazards
Response Information System (CHRIS)", Department
of Transportation, United States Coast Guard, 1978.
12. "Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic
Chemicals", Karel Verschueren, VanNostrand
Rhinehold Company, 1977.
13. "The MERCK Index", 9th Edition, Merck & Company
Inc., 1976.
14. "Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances",
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, 1979.
15. "Guide for Safety in the Chemical Laboratory",
Manufacturing Chemists Association, VanNostrand
Rhinehold Company, 1972.
16. "Everybody's Problem: Hazardous Waste", United
States Environmental Protection Agency,
Publication No. SW-826, 1980.
17. "Toxic and hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety
Manual", International Technical Information
Institute, August 1980.
18. "Hazardous Chemicals Data Book", Noise Data
Corporation, 1980.
Introduction 5
19. "Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards", 2nd
Edition L. Bretherick, Butterworth Publishing,
1979.
20. "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards,
"Publication 78-210, September 1985, GPO.
21. "Hazardous Chemicals Spill Cleanup", J. S.
Robinson, Editor, Noise Data Corporation, 1979.
22. "Highly Hazardous Materials Spills and Emergency
Planning", J. E. Zajic and W. A. Himmelman,
Marcel-Dekker Inc., 1978.
23. "Chemistry of Hazardous Materials", Eugene Meyer,
Prentice Hall Inc., 1977.
24. "Red Book on Transportation of Hazardous
Materials", L. Bierlein, Kahners Books
International, Inc., 1977.
25. "Patty*s Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology",
Volume 1, 3rd Edition, G. D. Clayton and F. E.
Clayton, Editors, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1978.
26. "First Air Manual for Chemical Accidents", Mark J.
LeFevre, D. H. and R. Inc., 1980.
27. "Safety In Working With Chemicals", Michael Green
and Amos Turck, 1978.
28. "Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manual
for Hazardous Waste Site Activities." DHHS
(NIOSH) Publication 85-115, GPO, October 1985.
