Hazard Mitigation and Preparedness: An Introductory Text for Emergency Management and Planning Professionals, Second Edition

345 Pages·2014·6.486 MB·English

by  Anna K. Schwab, David J. Brower, Dylan Sandler

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SECOND EDITION
HAZARD MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS
An Introductory Text for Emergency Management and Planning Professionals
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SECOND EDITION
HAZARD MITIGATION AND PREPAREDNESS
An Introductory Text for Emergency Management and Planning Professionals
ANNA K. SCHWAB
DYLAN SANDLER
DAVID J. BROWER
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CRC Press
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Version Date: 20160224
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Schwab, Anna K., author. | Sandler, Dylan, author. | Brower, David J., author.
Title: Hazard mitigation and preparedness : an introductory text for emergency management and planning professionals / Anna
K. Schwab, Dylan Sandler, and David J. Brower.
Description: Second edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016001259 | ISBN 9781466595569 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Emergency management--United States. | Hazard mitigation--United States. | Preparedness. | Community
power--United States.
Classification: LCC HV551.3 .S39 2016 | DDC 363.34/70973--dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016001259
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
CHAPTER 1 — Hazards and Disasters
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Hazards: Part of the Natural Environment
1.2.1 The Earth’s Dynamic Equilibrium
1.2.2 Types of Natural Hazards
1.2.3 A Note on Extraterrestrial Hazards
1.2.4 Human-Made Hazards
1.3 Hazards and Disasters: Not the Same
1.3.1 An Official Definition of Disaster
1.3.2 Why Are There More and Bigger Disasters?
1.4 The Many Costs of Disasters
1.4.1 Direct Financial Costs
1.4.2 Long-Term Economic Costs
1.4.3 Environmental Costs
1.4.4 Societal Costs
1.4.5 Human Lives Lost: Rich Country, Poor Country
1.4.6 Social Vulnerability
1.5 Impacts of Climate Change on Natural Hazards
1.5.1 Is It Weather or Is It Climate?
1.5.2 Climate Change around the Globe
Summary
Key Terms
Assess Your Understanding
Summary Questions
Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
You Try It
References
CHAPTER 2 — Preparedness, Hazard Mitigation, and Climate Change Adaptation: An Overview
2.1 Introduction
2.2 The Emergency Management Cycle
2.2.1 Preparedness
2.2.2 Federal Preparedness Programs
2.2.3 Hazard Mitigation
2.2.4 The Difference between Preparedness and Mitigation
2.3 Climate Change Adaptation
2.3.1 What Can Be Done?
2.3.2 The Case for Adaptation
2.4 Hazard Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies
2.4.1 Risk Assessment and Mapping
2.4.2 Managing Community Growth and Development
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2.5 The Value of Hazard Mitigation and Preparedness
2.5.1 Hazard Mitigation Pays Off
2.6 Sustainability and Disaster Resilience
Chapter Summary
Key Terms
Assess Your Understanding
Summary Questions
Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
You Try It
References
SECTION I Introduction
CHAPTER 3 — Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards: Hurricanes, Sea Level Rise, Floods,
Drought, Wildfire, Tornadoes, Severe Winter Weather, and Extreme Heat
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Weather-Related Natural Hazards
3.3 Hurricanes
3.3.1 Hurricane Formation
3.3.2 Hurricane Characteristics
3.3.3 Measuring a Hurricane: The Saffir–Simpson Scale
3.3.4 Hurricane Landfall
3.3.5 Hurricanes and Patterns of Human Activity
3.3.6 Impacts of Climate Change on Hurricanes
3.4 Sea Level Rise
3.4.1 Relative Sea Level Rise
3.4.2 Impact of Sea Level Rise on Flooding and Storm Surge
3.4.3 Sea Level Rise and Saltwater Intrusion
3.5 Flooding
3.5.1 Effects of Climate Change on Flooding
3.5.2 Floodplains, River Basins, and Watershed
3.5.3 Types of Flooding
3.5.4 Flood Mapping
3.5.5 Localized Flood Risks
3.6 Drought
3.6.1 Effects of Climate Change on Drought
3.6.2 Impacts of Drought
3.6.3 Drought Monitoring
3.7 Wildfires
3.7.1 Human Management of Wildfire
3.7.2 Measuring Wildfire Risk Conditions
3.8 Tornadoes
3.8.1 Tornado Formation
3.8.2 The Fujita–Pearson Tornado Scale
3.8.3 Tornado Activity in the United States
3.9 Severe Winter Weather
3.9.1 Blizzards
3.9.2 Snowstorms
3.9.3 Freezing Rain
3.9.4 Windchill and Extreme Cold
3.9.5 Effects of Climate Change on Severe Winter Weather
3.9.6 Impacts of Severe Winter Weather
3.10 Extreme Heat
3.10.1 Impacts of Extreme Heat
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3.10.2 Urban Heat Island
Summary
Key Terms
Assess Your Understanding
Summary Questions
Chapter Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
You Try It
References
CHAPTER 4 — Geological Hazards: Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Volcanoes, Landslides, Coastal Erosion,
and Land Subsidence
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Geological Hazards
4.3 Earthquakes
4.3.1 Stress Release
4.3.2 Tectonic Plate Movement: A Constant Wrestling Match
4.3.3 Earthquake Motion
4.3.4 Aftershocks
4.3.5 Rating Earthquakes: Scales of Magnitude, Intensity, and Acceleration
4.3.6 Earthquake Impacts on People and Property
4.3.7 Earthquake Experience in the United States
4.3.8 Earthquakes: Lessons Learned
4.4 Tsunamis
4.4.1 Fast and Furious
4.4.2 Multiple Waves
4.4.3 Tsunami Impacts
4.4.4 Tsunami Hazards: A Real Risk for the United States
4.4.5 Tsunami Warning Systems
4.4.6 Tsunami Readiness
4.4.7 Impact of Climate Change on Tsunamis
4.5 Volcanoes
4.5.1 Reaching the Boiling Point
4.5.2 Types of Volcanic Eruptions
4.5.3 Volcanic Hot Spots
4.5.4 The Volcano–Earthquake Connection
4.5.5 Types of Volcanic Structures
4.5.6 Impacts of Volcanic Activity on People and Property
4.6 Landslides/Debris Flows
4.6.1 Debris Flows
4.6.2 Landslide Triggers
4.6.3 Landslide Risk Areas
4.7 Coastal Erosion
4.7.1 Shifting Sands, Eroding Bluffs
4.7.2 Erosion Rates
4.7.3 Coastal Inlet Hazard Areas
4.7.4 Effect of Climate Change on Coastal Erosion
4.8 Subsidence and Collapse
4.8.1 Causes of Land Subsidence
4.8.2 Removal of Groundwater
4.8.3 Mine Collapse
4.8.4 Sinkholes
4.9 Human-Caused Geo-Hazards
Summary
Key Terms
Assess Your Understanding
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Summary Questions
Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
You Try It
References
CHAPTER 5 — Human-Made Hazards: Terrorism, Civil Unrest, and Technological Hazards
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The American Experience
5.2.1 The All-Hazards Approach
5.2.2 Significant Human-Made Events in the United States
5.3 Terrorism
5.3.1 Elements of Terrorism
5.3.2 Types of Terrorism
5.3.3 Terrorism Tactics and Weapons
5.3.4 Biological and Chemical Weapons
5.3.5 Impacts of Terrorism
5.3.6 The Role of FEMA
5.4 Civil Unrest
5.4.1 Public Order Events on College and University Campuses
5.4.2 Race Riots
5.5 Mass Shootings
5.5.1 Mass Shooting Patterns
5.5.2 Notable Mass Shooting Events
5.5.3 Lessons Learned
5.6 Technological Hazards
5.6.1 Community Impacts from Technological Hazards
5.6.2 What Makes Hazardous Materials Hazardous?
5.6.3 Symptoms of Toxic Poisoning
5.6.4 Sources of Hazardous Materials
5.6.5 OSHA Safety Data Sheets
5.6.6 HazMat Transportation Accidents
5.6.7 Leaks during Storage and Disposal
5.6.8 Nuclear Accidents
5.6.9 Emergency Planning Zones
5.6.10 HazMat Releases during Natural Hazard Events
5.7 Public Perception of Human-Made Hazards
5.7.1 Media Coverage
5.7.2 Individual Experience
5.7.3 A Range of Strong Responses
5.7.4 Mitigating and Preparing for Human-Made Hazards
Summary
Key Terms
Assessing Your Understanding
Summary Questions
Review Questions
Applying This Chapter
You Try It
References
SECTION II Introduction
CHAPTER 6 — Role of the Federal Government in Disaster Management
6.1 Introduction
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