Hay and straw conservation : for small-scale farming and pastoral conditions

311 Pages·2000·10.8 MB·English

by  Suttie, J. M

HAY AND STRAW Ai
CONSERVATION
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Forsmall-scalefarming i
and pastoral conditions .. ,..H1i1r
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FAOPlantProductionandProtectionSeries No.29
HAYAND STRAW
CONSERVATION
Forsmall-scalefarming
andpastoralconditions
by
J.M.Suttie
FOODANDAGRICULTUREORGANIZATIONOFTHEUNITEDNATIONS
Rome,2000
Thedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofthematerial
inthisinformationproductdonotimplytheexpressionofany
opinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheFoodandAgriculture
OrganizationoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusof
anycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,or
concerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.
Thedesignations“developed”and“developing"economiesare
intendedforstatisticalconvenienceanddonotnecessarilyexpress
ajudgementaboutthestagereachedbyaparticularcountry,
territoryorareainthedevelopmentprocess.
ISBN92-5-104458-9
Allrightsreserved.Reproductionanddisseminationofmaterialinthis
informationproductforeducationalorothernon-commercialpurposesare
authorizedwithoutanypriorwrittenpermissionfromthecopyrightholders
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withoutwrittenpermissionofthecopyrightholders.Applicationsforsuch
permissionshouldbeaddressedtotheChief,PublishingandMultimedia
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©FAO2000
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-Ill-
FOREWORD
Grazinglandscoveravastareaoftheearth’ssurface,andareasourceof
livelihoodtomanyfarmersandpastoralists,buttheyrarelyprovideadequate
year-round feed, in terms ofboth quantity and quality, to support highly
productive livestock. Sincegreen herbage isonlyavailable seasonally in
mostregions,theprovisionoffeedfordeficitseasonshasalwaysbeena
majorconcerninmanylivestockproductionsystems.
Hayistheoldestandmostimportantconservedfodder,anditcanbe
madewithsimpleequipment,manuallyorwithmechanization. Manysmall-
scale fannersmakehayandstorecropresiduestocarry livestockthrough
periodsofshortage. Practicesvaryindifferentpartsoftheworld,butfollow
somebasicprinciples. Theresidues,strawsandstoversofthemain field
crops, which represent about halfofthe biomass produced, are used as
ruminantfeed,althoughtheygenerallyrequiresupplementation. Sincethese
residuesareavailableon-farm,someextracareintheirharvest,storageand
useisoftenwellworthwhile.
FAOhaslongemphasizedtheimportanceofforageanditspositionin
farming systems, particularly for small-scale producers. This publication
discusseshay,haycropsandcropresiduesinawiderangeofsituations,as
essential components offodder management in livestock production, and
drawsonexamplesfrommanypartsoftheworld. Itaddressestechnicians,
advisers and extension workers dealing with the small-scale farming,
traditionalsectorsanddevelopmentprojects.Itcoversawiderangeofissues,
frombasicprinciplestoaseriesofcasestudies,illustratingthepracticesand
someoftheproblemsofhaymakingindevelopingcountries.
ThemanuscriptwaspreparedbyJ.M. Suttie,whoretired from FAO
recently. Itusesmuchinformationcollectedinthefieldduringmanyyears
with the Organization. It is hoped that this publication will assist the
Copyrightedmaterial
improvement offodderconservation, and thus oflivestock husbandry, by
small-scalefarmersandpastoralists.
ThanksareparticularlyduetoCaterinaBatelloandStephenReynoldsof
the Grassland and Pasture Crops Group for ensuring that the book was
broughttopublication.
MarcioPorto
Chief
CropandGrasslandService(AGPC)
PlantProductionandProtectionDivision
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Contents
Foreword iii
Acronymsusedinthetext ix
Acknowledgements x
Executivesummary 2d
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTERil
HAYMAKING
Typesofhay
Principles
Themainoperationsinhaymaking
Lossesinhaymaking
Haymaking
Practiceandequipment
Manualhaymaking
Haymakingusingdraughtanimalpower
Simplemechanization
Modemsystems
Storage
CHHAAPYTCERROIPIIS -CULTIVATIONMETHODS
Landpreparation
Seedandplantingmaterial &£££
Irrigatedhay
CHAPTERIV
ESTABLISHMENTANDCULTIVATIONOFSPECIALIZED
CROPSFORHAY
Establishingpasturegasses KKK
Legumeestablishmentandseedtreatment
CHAPTERV
HAYCROPS -CEREALSANDGRASSES
CEREALSASHAYCROPS
Small-graincereals GIS&K
Hayfromcoarsegrains
GRASSESFORHAY fcJ
CHHLAAPEYTGCEURRMOEVPISS -LEGUMESANDPULSES GG
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Trefoils 82
Lucerne,alfalfa 88
Sweetclovers 95
Clovers 97
OTHERLEGUMES 106
PULSECROPSFORHAY 111
CHAPTERVll
HAYFROMNATURALPASTURE 115
Choiceoflandforhaymaking 116
Communallymanagedhay-lands 117
Thequalityproblemoftropicalgrasses 117
Typesofnaturalhay 119
Naturalhayintemperateareas 122
Hayfromshrubs 123
Managementofnaturalhaylands 125
Haymaking 126
CHAPTERVlll
CHOICEOFHAYCROPS 129
Crops,cultivarsandclimate 129
Factorsaffectingcropchoice 131
Leanseasonfeedingstrategies 138
Haycropsfordifferentclimates 141
Humidandsub-humidtropicalandsubtropicalzones 141
Distinctwet-and-dryseasonzones 145
Mediterraneanlands 148
Aridandsemi-aridzones 150
Winter-coldzones 151
CHAPTERIX
DRYCROPRESIDUES 153
Straw 156
Stover 160
Traditionalstorageandutilizationsystems 162
Betterharvestingandstoring 163
Strawtreatment 164
Otherfieldcrops 167
CHAPTERX
USINGHAYANDDRYRESIDUES 171
Seasonalplanning 175
Feedingvaluesofsomedriedforages 182
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E
VII-
Treatmentofcropresidues(andpoorhay) 186
CHAPTERXI
CASESTUDIES L89
CHaAseYMStAuKdyIN1.GINETHIOPIA 141
CaseStudy2.
LAPRODUCTIONDEFQ1NAUSAHELETENSAYAN
ENAFRIQUEDEL’OUEST
[HayintheSahelandSavannahzonesofWestAfrica! 197
EnglishSummary 197
CaseStudy3.
HAYINERZERUMPROVINCE-EASTERNTURKEY 1U
CaseStudy4,
HIRARYIDGEATVEEDLOHPAMYEINNTALITNACIHKIHNAAZ-A1.KPREFECTURE,XINJIANG
(Afullytranshumantsystemadoptingirrigatedhayforwinteruse) 217
CaseStudy5.
HAYDEVELOPMENTINCHINA-2.
LEGUMEHAYINLIAONING
(Afarmingcommunityfatteninglivestock) 223
CaseStudy6.
HAYDEVELOPMENTINCHINA-3.
FODDERFORENVIRONMENTALIMPROVEMENT
ONTHELOESSPLATEAU
(Erosioncontrolanddevelopmentthroughforestryand
pastureinXijiCounty,NingxiaAutonomousRegion) 225
CaseStudy7.
HAYANDSTRAWINAFGHANISTAN
(Fodderconservationforlongwinters) 229
CHaAsYeSFtRudOyM8.NATURALPASTUREINMONGOLIA
(Thechangefromcooperativetoprivatestock-rearing
inapurelypastoraleconomy) 237
CaseStudy9.
HAYANDCROPRESIDUESINPAKISTAN-1.
HAYANDFODDERINMIXEDSYSTEMSANDFORSALE 244
CaseStudy10.
HAYANDCROPRESIDUESINPAKISTAN-2.
HAYINTHENORTHERNAREAS
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-VIII-
(Asettledcommunitywithsometranshumantstock) 249
CHaAsYeSAtNudDyC11R.OPRESIDUESININDIAANDNEPAL
THESITUATIONININDIA 25.)
HAYINNEPAL 2M
CaseStudy12.
IANI.FTAHIE,FCAHHAACYOP-RAODSUECMIT-IAORNIDRVRESGMIAO1N,1.I-NSCSAAlNF.TFIAAGROMFRS
DELESTEROPROVINCE,N\VARGENTINA 267
CaseStudy13.
DRY-SEASONFEEDING:ACASESTUDYFROMNICARAGUA277
CHAPTERXll
SMALL-SCALEFARMHAYINTHEFUTURE 281
Hay 281
Cropresidues 284
Technologytransferandtraining 284
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Part1. Generalreading 287
Part Referencescitedintext 288
AnGnLeOxS1SARYOFCROPSMENTIONEDINTHETEXT 2.95
INDEX 222
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ACRONYMSUSEDINTHETEXT
ADF aciddetergentfibre
ARC AgriculturalResearchCouncil
CP crudefibre
DM drymatter
EE etherextract
GDP grossdomesticproduct
GNP grossnationalproduct
K potassium
N nitrogen
NDF neutraldetergentfibre
NFE nitrogen-freeextractives
P phosphorus
PGS puregerminatingseed
TDN totaldigestiblenutrients[obsolescentunit]
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