Table Of Contenti
Hate Speech in Asia and Europe
This edited collection provides a timely review of the current state of hate speech
research in Asia and Europe, through the comparative examples of Korea, Japan
and France.
Extending the study of hate speech studies beyond the largely western emphasis
on European and US contexts dominant in the field, this book’s comparative
framework aims to examine hate speech as a global phenomenon spanning
Asian and European contexts. An innovative range of nuanced empirical case
studies explores hate speech by analyzing gendered hate speech and nationality,
French cartoon humour, official counter-radicalization narratives and the use of
international law to inform domestic legislation in the Philippines and Japan. A
fresh perspective on Asian and European hate speech, this book’s evaluation of
current hate speech research also identifies future directions for the development
of theory and method.
Filling a critical gap in the literature, Hate Speech in Asia and Europe will
appeal to students and scholars of law, politics, religion, history, social policy
and social science more broadly, as well as Asian Studies.
Myungkoo Kang teaches media and cultural studies at the Seoul National
University, Korea.
Marie-Orange Rivé-Lasan is an associate professor at Paris Diderot University,
France, teaching Korean contemporary history in the East Asian Languages and
Civilisations Department.
Wooja Kim is an associate professor at the College of International Relations at
Ritsumeikan University, Japan.
Philippa Hall is an independent writer and researcher whose interests include
social policy, legal reform, political economy and mass media policy.
Sojeong Park is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Communication at
Seoul National University.
Routledge Contemporary Asia Series
Middle Class, Civil Society and Democracy in Asia
Edited by Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao
Conflict in India and China’s Contested Borderlands
A Comparative Study
Kunal Mukherjee
Transcontinental Silk Road Strategies
Comparing China, Japan and South Korea in Uzbekistan
Timur Dadabev
Sino-Pakistani Relations
Politics, Military and Regional Dynamics
Filippo Boni
Circulation and Governance of Asian Medicine
Edited by Céline Coderey and Laurent Pordié
Normalization of Violence
Conceptual Analysis and Reflections from Asia
Edited by Irm Haleem
Minorities, Rights and the Law in Malaysia
The Politico-Legal Mobilisation of Ethnic Minorities
Thaatchaayini Kananatu
Hate Speech in Asia and Europe
Beyond Hate and Fear
Edited by Myungkoo Kang, Marie-Orange Rivé-Lasan,
Wooja Kim and Philippa Hall
For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Routledge-
Contemporary-Asia-Series/book-series/SE0794
iii
Hate Speech in Asia
and Europe
Beyond Hate and Fear
Edited by
Myungkoo Kang,
Marie-Orange Rivé-Lasan,
Wooja Kim and Philippa Hall
In association with Sojeong Park
First published 2020
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2020 selection and editorial matter, Myungkoo Kang, Marie-Orange Rivé-
Lasan, Wooja Kim and Philippa Hall; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Myungkoo Kang, Marie-Orange Rivé-Lasan, Wooja Kim
and Philippa Hall to be identified as the authors of the editorial material,
and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in
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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
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without intent to infringe.
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ISBN: 978-0-367-20900-1 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-26400-9 (ebk)
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v
Contents
List of figures and tables vii
List of contributors viii
1 Introduction: how would Asia and Europe go beyond
the hate speech? 1
MYUNGKOO KANG
SECTION 1
Current state of hate speech 5
2 Meta-analysis on hate speech studies in South Korea 7
MYUNGKOO KANG, JAEJIN LEE AND SOJEONG PARK
3 Hate speech in Japan: Patriotic women, nation and
love of country 23
JACKIE J. KIM-WACHUTKA
4 Banal misogyny: inventing the myth of “women cannot drive”
and its online hate speech in South Korea 43
HYOJIN JEONG AND YOUNGHAN CHO
5 Caricature as a form of hate speech? the example of the
diffusion of French “atomic humour” in Japan 59
TINO BRUNO
6 Hate and threat in French jihadist discourse 76
LAURA ASCONE
vi Contents vi
SECTION 2
Countering and reforming hate speech 93
7 Dialogues and diversity in Korea, Japan and France: the
contribution of international law to hate speech legislation in
national and transnational contexts 95
PHILIPPA HALL
8 When hate becomes illegal: legislation processes of the
anti-hate speech law in Japan 112
NAOTO HIGUCHI
9 Free marketplace of ideas: applying the approach of the UN
Human Rights Committee and the European Court of Human
Rights in Philippine internet hate speech cases 127
GEMMO BAUTISTA FERNANDEZ
10 Can strategic human rights litigation complement social
movements? a case study of the movement against racism
and hate speech in Japan 152
AYAKO HATANO
Index 191
vii
Figures and tables
Figures
8.1 Frequency of searching for Zaitokukai and hate speech 116
8.2 Frequency of hate speech appearing in newspapers and
parliamentary debates 117
8.3 Proportion of hate speech-related articles referring to
“freedom of speech” 121
8.4 Opinions of lower house members during 2014 election
campaign 123
10.1 The number of hate speech news in mass media in Japan 162
10.2 The number of hate-related demonstrations 167
Tables
2.1 Academic research on hate speech in Korea 1999–2017 9
2.2 Definitions of hate speech 12
4.1 Wrong-way driving accident reports 52
5.1 Quantitative analysis 66
5.2 Qualitative analysis 67
6.1 Frequency of the different types of threat and of their structures
in Dar al-Islam 82
8.1 Stages of policy processes towards the Anti-Hate Speech Act 114
8.2 Frequency of appearance of certain terms in hate speech-related
articles 119
8.3 Frequency of appearance of civic organizations on hate
speech-related articles 120
8.4 Numbers of questions and proposals related to hate speech 120
10.1 Effects of litigation strategies on social movements 157
Contributors
Laura Ascone earned a PhD in linguistics at Université Paris Seine (France). Her
thesis is on the rhetorical strategies used in both jihadist propaganda and
counter-narrative. She currently conducts a post-doctoral research on the
hate speech against migrants at Université de Lorraine (France). Her
researches focus on computer-mediated communication, on the expression
of emotions, on the jihadist radicalization process and on the hate speech
against migrants.
Tino Bruno is Lecturer at Kanagawa University in Yokohama (Japan). He pre-
sented in 2017 a PhD thesis in the field of Japanese studies (Lyon 3 Univer-
sity) focussing on the medial image of nuclear energy in the Japanese daily
press from 1945 to 1957. His publications include topics such as the interna-
tional media coverage of the Fukushima nuclear accident or of the Japanese
anti-nuclear demonstrations, and the reception of French humour on atomic
energy in the Japanese media.
Younghan Cho is Professor in the Department of Korean Studies at Hankuk
University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Korea. His research interests include
media and cultural studies, global sports and nationalism, East Asian pop
culture and modernity and cultural economy in Korean and Asian contexts.
He is the co-editor of many special issues including Glocalization of Sports
in Asia, Colonial Modernity and Beyond and American Pop Culture. He
edited books entitled Football in Asia: History, Culture and Business and
Modern Sports in Asia (Routledge, 2014), and is a member of the editorial
board of Cultural Studies and Communication & Sport.
Gemmo Bautista Fernandez is a doctoral candidate at the Australian National
University. He obtained his Master of Laws degree from the University of
Sydney; Juris Doctor from the University of the Philippines; and his Bachelor
of Science degree in applied mathematics from the Ateneo de Manila Univer-
sity. He is a member of the Philippine bar and practises law in the following
fields: civil litigation, cybercrime and data privacy protection. His research,
the subject of his doctoral dissertation delves into the implementation of com-
munitarian norms, theories surrounding the codification of relevant provisions
ix Contributors ix
in articles of state responsibility, and the examination of the attendant state
practice. His other research interests include the effects of derogation and lim-
itation clauses in human rights treaties; the rules of armed conflicts conducted
in outer space; and the regulation of online hate speech.
Philippa Hall is an independent writer and researcher whose interests include
social policy, legal reform, political economy and mass media policy.
Several of these research themes have been examined within the context of
the history, politics and implementation of neoliberal policy. She has
written a range of reviews, book chapters and journal articles. Her recent
research on hate speech and social policy includes ‘Disability Hate Speech:
Interrogating the Online/Offline Distinction’ published in Online Othering:
Exploring Digital Violence and Discrimination on the Web (2019). Her
current research focuses on international law and social policy, hate speech
and media culture.
Ayako Hatano (JD, MA, LLM) is a doctoral researcher at the University
of Tokyo, with research interests in internalization of international laws
and norms in local contexts with a focus on human rights, development
and gender. She has been granted numerous awards and grants including
the Global Justice Emerging Scholar Essay Prize at New York University,
the East Asian Law and Society Paper Award and Fulbright scholarship.
She was International Law and Human Rights Fellow at the UN International
Law Commission, a visiting scholar at the US-Asia Law Institute at New
York University and a fellow at the Asia Leadership Fellow Program at the
International House of Japan. She has also been engaged in the implementa-
tion of international law and legal research both within government and in
international organizations.
Naoto Higuchi is an associate professor at Tokushima University. Naoto’sunder-
lying research interest lies in xenophobia, social movements and social capital
of migrants. He conducted a fieldwork on radical right activists and is
now engaged in research on Peruvian migration to Japan. His recent research
outputs in English language on the rise of new radical right groups in Japan
include: Japan’s Ultra Right (Trans Pacific Press, 2016) as well as “The
Radical Right in Japan”, in The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right,
edited by Jens Rydgren (Oxford University Press, 2018).
Hyojin Jeong is a PhD student at the department of Korean Studies at Hankuk
University of Foreign Studies (Seoul, South Korea, hereafter HUFS). She
received her master’s degree at the department of Korean Language and Liter-
ature at Yonsei University, with her thesis entitled “A Study on Terms of
Address with ‘ssi’ in Context: Based on a Questionnaire Survey,” Her research
interests include language and gender in Korean media, culture and law. Her
latest speech in a conference was about abortion prohibition laws in South
Korea. She has taught Korean language at several institutions such as Wellesely,
MIT (2013–2014), Namseoul University (2015) and HUFS (2016).
