Table Of ContentJürgen H.P. Hoff meyer-Zlotnik
Uwe Warner
Harmonising
Demographic and
Socio-Economic
Variables for
Cross-National
Comparative
Survey Research
Harmonising Demographic and Socio-Economic
Variables for Cross-National Comparative
Survey Research
Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik (cid:129) Uwe Warner
Harmonising Demographic
and Socio-Economic
Variables for Cross-National
Comparative Survey Research
Jürgen H.P. Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik Uwe Warner
Institute of Political Science CEPS/INSTEAD
Justus Liebig University of Giessen Centre d’Etudes de Populations
Giessen, G ermany de Pauvreté et de Politiques
Socio-Economiques/International
Network for Studies in Technology
Environment, Alternatives, Development
Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
ISBN 978-94-007-7237-3 ISBN 978-94-007-7238-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-7238-0
Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013949536
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to express their gratitude for the support extended to
them by CEPS/INSTEAD, Centre d’Etudes de Populations, de Pauvreté et de
Politiques Socio-Economiques/International Networks for Studies in Technology,
Environment, Alternatives, Development, Esch sur Alzette, Luxembourg.
Thanks are also due to the infas Institute for Applied Social Sciences in Bonn,
Germany, for its generous and helpful assistance with the testing of the instrument,
and for the opportunity to interview the interviewers .
And fi nally, we extend our heartfelt thanks to our translator, Miriam Geoghegan.
General Note
For the sake of readability, masculine pronouns are used throughout this book.
This is not intended to be discriminatory.
v
Contents
1 Harmonising Demographic and Socio-Economic Variables ................. 1
1.1 The Concept of Equivalence .............................................................. 3
1.2 Aim and Structure of the Book .......................................................... 4
2 The Harmonisation Process: Harmonisation Is Not Translation ............ 7
2.1 Procedure for the Translation of Survey Questionnaires ................... 7
2.2 Procedure for the Harmonisation of Demographic
and Socio-Economic Variables .......................................................... 10
2.3 Rules of Harmonisation ..................................................................... 13
3 Existing Measurement Instruments for Data Collection ....................... 15
3.1 International Standard Classifi cation of Education ............................ 16
3.1.1 ISCED 1997 ........................................................................... 16
3.1.2 ISCED 2011 ........................................................................... 21
3.1.3 Implementation of ISCED in the European Social Survey .......... 22
3.2 Measurement Instruments Developed by the International
Labour Organization .......................................................................... 32
3.2.1 The 1958 and 1968 Versions of the International Standard
Classifi cation of Occupations (ISCO) .................................... 33
3.2.2 International Standard Classifi cation of Occupations
1988 (ISCO-88) ...................................................................... 34
3.2.3 ISCO-88 (COM). .................................................................... 36
3.2.4 2008 Revision of the International Standard
Classifi cation of Occupations (ISCO-08)............................... 37
3.2.5 ISCO-08 (COM). .................................................................... 37
3.2.6 Other ILO Instruments ........................................................... 38
3.3 Academic Instruments ....................................................................... 41
3.3.1 Prestige and Socio-Economic Status Scales,
and Nominal Class Categories ............................................... 41
3.3.2 The European Socio-Economic Classifi cation (ESeC) .............. 44
3.4 International Standards for the Measurement
of Household Income ......................................................................... 46
vii
viii Contents
4 Background Variables for Cross-National Comparative
Research: Data Sources ............................................................................ 51
4.1 European Commission and Eurostat Data Sources ............................ 51
4.1.1 The Eurydice Network ........................................................... 52
4.1.2 RAMON, Eurostat’s Metadata Server .................................... 52
4.1.3 Eurostat Main Tables .............................................................. 53
4.2 European Surveys Conducted by National Statistical Institutes ........ 54
4.2.1 European Community Household Panel (ECHP) .................. 55
4.2.2 EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions
(EU-SILC) .............................................................................. 57
4.2.3 EU Labour Force Survey (LFS) ............................................. 58
4.2.4 Household Budget Survey (HBS) .......................................... 60
4.3 The European Commission’s Eurobarometer Surveys ...................... 60
4.4 Eurofound’s European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS) ..................... 62
4.5 Data Sources of the United Nations Economic
Commission for Europe ..................................................................... 63
4.5.1 2000/2001 Censuses of Population ........................................ 63
4.5.2 2010/2011 Censuses of Population ........................................ 64
4.6 Academic Datasets ............................................................................. 65
4.6.1 Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) .......................................... 66
4.6.2 Integrated Public Use Micro Data Series (IPUMS) ............... 68
4.6.3 German Data Forum (RatSWD) ............................................. 70
4.7 Academically Driven Surveys ............................................................ 72
4.7.1 European Social Survey (ESS) ............................................... 73
4.7.2 The International Social Survey Programme (ISSP).............. 75
4.7.3 European Values Study (EVS) ............................................... 76
4.7.4 World Values Survey (WVS) .................................................. 77
4.7.5 Council of European Social Science Data Archives
(CESSDA) .............................................................................. 78
5 Core Social Variables and Their Implementation
in Measurement Instruments ................................................................... 81
5.1 Education ........................................................................................... 81
5.1.1 Handling Education in National and International
Social Surveys ........................................................................ 81
5.1.2 Cross-National Comparison of Input-Harmonised
Instruments for the Measurement of Education ..................... 91
5.1.3 Development of the Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik/Warner
Matrix of Education ............................................................... 99
5.2 Labour Status ..................................................................................... 106
5.2.1 Occupation as an Indicator of Prestige
and Socio-Economic Status. ................................................... 107
5.2.2 Handling Labour Status in National
and International Surveys ....................................................... 109
5.2.3 Development of the Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik and Warner
Instrument for the Measurement of Labour Status ................ 117
Contents ix
5.3 Occupation and Job ............................................................................ 122
5.3.1 Measuring Occupation in Cross-National Social
Survey Research ..................................................................... 122
5.3.2 National Occupational Classifi cations ................................... 126
5.3.3 Field Coding ISCO-88 ........................................................... 128
5.3.4 From Professional Status to Job Autonomy ........................... 132
5.4 Household Income ............................................................................. 137
5.4.1 Comparison of Instruments for the Measurement
of Income ............................................................................... 137
5.4.2 Quality of Income Measurement ............................................ 140
5.4.3 Proposal for an Instrument to Measure Income
in Academically Driven Social Surveys ................................. 148
5.4.4 Measurement of Income in the Fourth Round
of the ESS in 2008.................................................................. 153
5.4.5 Descriptive Characteristics of the European
Comparison of Income Distributions ..................................... 159
5.5 The Private Household ....................................................................... 170
5.5.1 The Household Concept in European Offi cial Statistics ......... 170
5.5.2 Determination of Household Membership ............................. 175
5.5.3 Infl uence of the Defi nition of Household on Core
Socio-Economic Variables ..................................................... 181
5.5.4 The Defi nition of Private Household in the ESS .................... 183
5.5.5 Development of an Instrument for the Measurement
of Household Size .................................................................. 189
5.6 Ethnicity ............................................................................................. 193
5.6.1 Handling Ethnicity in National and Cross-National
Comparative Social Science Surveys ..................................... 194
5.6.2 Elements of an Ethnicity Measure ......................................... 195
5.6.3 Development of an Instrument for the Measurement
of Citizenship, Residency Status and Immigrant
Background ............................................................................ 199
5.6.4 Development of an Instrument for the Measurement
of Ethnic Background ............................................................ 204
6 The Proposed Set of Instruments at a Glance ........................................ 209
6.1 The Questionnaire .............................................................................. 210
6.1.1 Sex .......................................................................................... 211
6.1.2 Age ......................................................................................... 211
6.1.3 Legal Marital Status ............................................................... 211
6.1.4 Consensual Union .................................................................. 212
6.1.5 Ethnicity ................................................................................. 212
6.1.6 Education. ............................................................................... 216
6.1.7 Employment ........................................................................... 217
6.1.8 Number of Persons in the Household. .................................... 226
6.1.9 Household Income ................................................................. 228
