HARMONIC TREATMENT IN INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEM By ABUBAKER ABD ALRAHMAN ...

86 Pages·2013·2.21 MB·English

HARMONIC TREATMENT IN INDUSTRIAL POWER
SYSTEM

By
ABUBAKER ABD ALRAHMAN BASHEER ELMLEEH
INDEX NO. 084006

Supervisor
Dr. Kamal Ramadan

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of
B.Sc. (HON)
To the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
(POWER ENGINEERING)
Faculty of Engineering
University of Khartoum
July 2013

I
DICLARATION OF ORIGINALITY:
Ideclare thatt his report entitled “HARMONIC
TRETMENT IN INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEM” is my
own work except as cited in the references. The report has
not been accepted for any degree and is not being submitted
concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award.

Signature : _________________________

Name : _________________________

Date : _________________________

II
ABSTRACT
Power system networks that have a distorted voltage and current
waveforms are said contain harmonics. This distortion may cause a
failure in customer equipments. In the modern era, the distortion can no
longer be ignored due to increase in the equipment that sensitive to wave
variation and devices that produced harmonics.
In this project the sources of harmonics and their effects in power system
equipments are illustrated with the methods that are used to analyze and
mitigate it. The Sudanese- Malaysian steel factory network was
investigated using ETAP simulation program as a case study. And the
results of harmonic analysis were compared with IEEE limits. It was
found that the total harmonic distortion limit for current in the
simulated case study network exceeded the limits. The harmonic
mitigation solution chosen was the passive filter and the method of the
design is included in the project.
The process of mitigation is successfully completed and the distortion
become within IEEE limit for the Sudanese – Malaysian factory network.

III
صلختسملا
ىلع يوحت اهنا لاقي ةهوشم رايت وأ ةيتلوف ةجوم اهيدل يتلا ةردقلا ةمظنأ تاكبش
رصعلا يف .نيمدختسملا ةزهجا لشف يف ببستي امبر تاجوملا هوشت .تايقفاوت
يف رييغتلل ةساسحلا ةزهجلاا ةدايزل ةجيتن هلهاجت نكميلا هوشتلا اذه ثيدحلا
.تايقفاوتلل ةجتنملا ةزهجلاا ةدايزو تاجوملا
تحضو ةردقلا ةمظنا ةزهجأ يف اهاراثأو تايقفاوتلا رداصم عورشملا اذه يف
يزيلاملا ينادوسلا عنصملا ةكبش .اهتجلاعمو اهليلحت يف ةمدختسملا قرطلل ةفاضلااب
اهتنراقم تمت ليلحتلا جئاتن . ETAP جمانرب مادختساب ةلاح ةساردك اهنم ققحتلا مت
ةقيرط رايتخا مت .دحلا زواجت دق رايتلا ةجومل يلكلا هوشتلا نا دجو .IEEE دودحب
.عورشملا يف ةروكذم اهميمصت ةقيرطو ةجلاعملل ةقيرطك ةيبلسلا تاحشرملا
.IEEE دودح يف حبصا عنصملا ةكبش يف هوشتلاو حاجنب ةجلاعملا ةيلمع تمت

IV
Acknowledgement
Thanks to:
My family who supported me throughout the project
My supervisor Dr. Kamal Ramadan who offered valuable comment and
advices throughout the conduction of the project.
Sudanese Malaysian steel factory administration who gives us the single
line diagram of the factory.
Thanks are extended to my colleague Mazin Mahjoub, who participate in
the accomplishment of this thesis from the very beginning up to end.
To my friends.

V
DICLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................................................. ii
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... iii
صلختسملا .............................................................................................................................. VI
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………………………………..………………. VI
Table of contents.................................................................................................................... VI
List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... x
List of Table……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………......xii
List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. xiii
Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................ 1

1.1 Overview: ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Statement: .......................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Motivations: ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Objectives: ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Thesis Layout: .................................................................................................................. 2
Chapter 2: Literature Review ................................................... 4

2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 General Definitions: ......................................................................................................... 5
2.2.1 Waveform Distortion: ............................................................................................... 5
2.2.2 Harmonics: ................................................................................................................ 5
2.2.3 Triplen Harmonics: ................................................................................................... 5
2.2.4 Subharmonics: ........................................................................................................... 5
2.2.5 Interharmonics .......................................................................................................... 5
2.2.8 Flicker: ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.9 Characteristic and Uncharacteristic Harmonics: ....................................................... 5
2.3 Positive-, Negative-, and Zero-Sequence Harmonics ...................................................... 5
2.4 Measurement of Harmonic Distortion: ............................................................................ 7
2.4.1 Harmonic Factor (Distortion Factor) (DF): .............................................................. 7
2.4.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): ........................................................................... 7
2.4.3 Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD): .................................................................... 7
2.4.4 Total Demand Distortion (TDD): ............................................................................. 7
2.4.5 Arithmetic Summation (ASUM): .............................................................................. 8
2.5 Harmonic Sources and Effects: ........................................................................................ 8
VI
2.5.1 Sources of Harmonics: .............................................................................................. 8
2.5.1.1 Linear Loads: ..................................................................................................... 8
2.5.1.2 Nonlinear Loads: ................................................................................................ 9
2.5.2 Harmonic Effects: ................................................................................................... 10
2.5.2.1 Effect on Transformers: ................................................................................... 11
2.5.2.2 Effect on Rotating Machine: ............................................................................ 11
2.5.2.3 Effect on Cables: .............................................................................................. 11
2.5.2.4 Effect on Capacitor Bank: ................................................................................ 11
2.5.2.5 Effect on Electronic Equipments: .................................................................... 12
2.5.2.6 Effect on Metering and Relaying: .................................................................... 12
Chapter 3: Harmonic Analysis and Modeling ...................... 13

3.1 Introduction: ................................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Fourier Series Analysis: ................................................................................................. 13
3.3 Analysis Methods: ......................................................................................................... 15
3.3.1 Harmonic Sources Calculations: ............................................................................. 15
3.3.2 System Frequency Response Calculations: ............................................................. 16
3.3.2.1 Simplified Calculation: .................................................................................... 16
3.3.2.2 Computer Simulation: ...................................................................................... 18
3.4 Modeling of Industrial System Equipments: ................................................................. 18
3.4.1 Rotating Machine Modeling: .................................................................................. 19
3.4.2 Transformer Modeling: ........................................................................................... 21
3.4.3 Line and Cable Modeling:....................................................................................... 22
3.4.4 Load Modeling: ....................................................................................................... 22
3.4.5 Arc Furnace Modeling: ........................................................................................... 23
3.5 Harmonic Standards: ...................................................................................................... 24
3.6 IEEE Standards: ............................................................................................................. 25
3.6.1 Voltage Distortion Limits: ...................................................................................... 25
3.6.2 Current Distortion Limits: ....................................................................................... 26
Chapter 4: Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System
.................................................................................................... 28

4.1 Introduction: ................................................................................................................... 28
4.2 Harmonic Resonances: ................................................................................................... 29
VII
4.2.1 Parallel Resonance: ................................................................................................. 29
4.2.2 series Resonance: ……………………………………………………………………………………………..30
4.3 Passive Filters: ............................................................................................................... 30
4.3.1 Single Tuned Filter: ................................................................................................ 31
4.3.2 Band Pass Filter: ..................................................................................................... 33
4.4 Methodology for Design of Tuned Harmonic Filter: ..................................................... 34
4.4.1 Select the Capacitor Bank needed to improve the Power Factor from the Present
Level typically to around 0.9 to 0.95: .............................................................................. 34
4.4.2 Choose Reactor that in Series with Capacitor Tunes Filter to Desired Harmonic
Frequency:........................................................................................................................ 35
4.4.3 Determine whether Capacitor Operation Parameters Fall within IEEE Maximum
Recommended Limit: ....................................................................................................... 35
4.4.4 Current through the Capacitor Bank: ...................................................................... 36
4.5 Limitation of Passive Filters: ......................................................................................... 36
4.6 Active Filters: ................................................................................................................ 36
4.7 Line Reactors: ................................................................................................................ 38
. ............................................................................................................................................ 39
Chapter 5: Harmonic Simulation ........................................... 40

5.1 Introduction: ................................................................................................................... 40
5.1.1 The Main Features of the ETAP Harmonic Load Flow Study are summarized
below: ............................................................................................................................... 40
5.1.2 The Main Features of the ETAP Harmonic Frequency Scan Study are summarized
below: ............................................................................................................................... 41
5.1.3 Study Toolbar: ........................................................................................................ 41
5.2 Example for Harmonic Analysis and Treatment by ETAP:........................................... 41
5.2.1 Harmonic Simulation Scenarios: ............................................................................ 42
5.2.2 Harmonic Treatment Steps: .................................................................................... 44
Chapter 6: Case Study Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory . 47

6.1 Information about the Factory: ...................................................................................... 47
6.2 Problem History: ............................................................................................................ 48
6.3 Case Study Part 1(System Analysis):............................................................................. 48
6.3.1 Load Flow Analysis by ETAP: ............................................................................... 48
6.3.2 Harmonic Analysis by ETAP: ................................................................................. 49
6.3.3 Discussion of System Analysis Results: ................................................................. 50
VIII
6.3.4 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................. 50
6.4 Case Study Part 2 (Problem Solution): .......................................................................... 51
6.4.1 Scenario 1: Harmonic Analysis after Injecting the First 5th Order Filter: ............... 51
6.4.2 Discussion of Scenario 1 Results: ........................................................................... 51
6.4.3 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................. 52
6.4.4 Scenario 2: Harmonic Analyses after Injecting the Second 5th Order Filter: ......... 52
6.4.5 Discussion of Scenario 2 Results: ........................................................................... 52
6.4.6 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................. 53
6.4.7 Scenario 3: Harmonic Analysis after Injecting the 11th Order Filter: ..................... 53
6.4.8 Discussion of Scenario 3 Results: ........................................................................... 53
6.4.9 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................. 54
Chapter 7: Conclusion and Recommendation ...................... 55

7.1 Conclusion: .................................................................................................................... 55
7.2 recommendations: .......................................................................................................... 55
Reference……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…..57
Appendix A………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..A-1
Appendix B…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….….B-1

IX
List of Figure
Figure ‎2-1: Transformer magnetizing current curve ...................................................... 9
Figure ‎2-2: non sinusoidal field distribution of rotating machines. ............................... 9
Figure ‎2-3: Voltage and current waveforms of an arc furnace. ................................... 10
Figure ‎3-1: The current waveform distortions caused by odd harmonic component in
three phases three wires power distribution system. .................................................... 15
Figure ‎3-2: modeling non linear loads by current sources. .......................................... 16
Figure ‎3-3: simplified calculations circuit ................................................................... 17
Figure ‎3-4: induction motor model .............................................................................. 20
Figure ‎3-5: Transformer model for harmonic analysis. ............................................... 22
Figure ‎3-6: a- short line model b- cable model. ......................................................... 22
Figure ‎3-7: Structure of typical arc furnace. ................................................................ 23
Figure ‎3-8: circuit representation of arc furnace .......................................................... 24
Figure ‎3-9: IEEE std 519-1992 Harmonic Voltage Limits. ......................................... 26
Figure ‎3-10: IEEE std 519-1992 Harmonic Voltage Limits. ....................................... 27
Figure ‎4-1: (a) parallel resonant condition (b) resonant points4.2.2 Series Resonance:
...................................................................................................................................... 30
Figure ‎4-2: series resonant condition. .......................................................................... 30
Figure ‎4-3: Electric diagrams of passive filters. .......................................................... 31
Figure ‎4-4: high band pass filter response. .................................................................. 33
Figure ‎4-5: simplified explanation of an active filter operation. ................................. 37
Figure ‎4-6: (a) Shunt connection of an active filter, (b) series connection of an active
filter.. ............................................................................................................................ 38
Figure ‎4-7: (a), (b), and (c): Hybrid connections of active and passive filters. ........... 38
Figure ‎4-8: Typical connection of line reactors. .......................................................... 39
Figure ‎4-9: Current without and with reactor. ............................................................. 39
Figure ‎4-10: Phase-shift transformer connections for 12- and 24-pulse converters. ... 39
Figure ‎5-1: harmonic study toolbar in ETAP. ............................................................ 41
Figure ‎5-2: single-line diagram of the example. .......................................................... 42
Figure ‎5-3: The DC system. ......................................................................................... 42
Figure ‎5-4: determining harmonic sources characteristics. ......................................... 43
Figure ‎5-5: harmonic load flow analysis. .................................................................... 43
Figure ‎5-6: load flow analysis. ..................................................................................... 44
X