Harmful Algal Blooms: A Compendium Desk Reference

697 Pages·2018·32.99 MB·English

by  Sandra E. Shumway

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HarmfulAlgalBlooms
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Harmful Algal Blooms
A Compendium Desk Reference
Edited by
Sandra E. Shumway
University of Connecticut
Groton, CT, USA
JoAnn M. Burkholder
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, NC, USA
Steve L. Morton
NOAA National Ocean Service
Charleston, SC, USA
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2018
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Shumway,SandraE.,editor.|Burkholder,JoAnnM.(JoAnnMarie),
editor.|Morton,SteveL.,editor.
Title:Harmfulalgalblooms:acompendiumdeskreference/editedbySandraE.
Shumway,JoAnnM.Burkholder,SteveL.Morton.
Description:Hoboken,NJ:JohnWiley&Sons,2018.|Includesindex.|
Identifiers:LCCN2017040583(print)|LCCN2017047559(ebook)|ISBN
9781118994696(pdf)|ISBN9781118994689(epub)|ISBN9781118994658
(cloth)
Subjects:LCSH:Toxicalgae.|Algalblooms–Toxicology.
Classification:LCCQK568.T67(ebook)|LCCQK568.T67H3722018(print)|DDC
579.8–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2017040583
CoverDesign:EricHeupel
CoverImage:EricHeupel
Setin9/11ptWarnockPro-RegularbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
PrintedandboundinSingaporebyMarkonoPrintMediaPteLtd
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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We dedicate this book to
Robert R.L. Guillard and Theodore J. Smayda,
our esteemed colleagues, friends, and mentors.
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vii
Contents
ListofContributors xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
Introduction xxiii
1 CausesofHarmfulAlgalBlooms 1
PatriciaM.GlibertandJoAnnM.Burkholder
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 “GettingThere”:TheClassicPerspectiveonIntroducedSpeciesandLinksto
CulturalEutrophication 2
1.2.1 IntroducedSpecies 2
1.2.2 AnthropogenicallyIntroducedNutrients 3
1.3 “BeingThere”:BloomsandWhyTheySucceed 5
1.3.1 Nutrient-RelatedHAB 5
1.3.2 ResourceRatios,NutrientStoichiometry,andOptimalNutrientRatios 6
1.3.3 DiversityinUseofFormsofNitrogen 9
1.3.4 Toxicity 10
1.3.5 Mixotrophy:Useof“Packaged”andDissolvedParticulateNutrients 12
1.3.6 OtherAdaptations 13
1.4 “StayingThere”:LinkstoPhysicalStructureandClimate 14
1.4.1 PhysicalStructure:Large-ScaleandSmall-ScaleNaturalHydrologicalFeatures 14
1.4.2 PhysicalDynamics:AnthropogenicHydrologicalChanges 15
1.4.3 ReinforcingFeedbacks 16
1.4.3.1 TrophicDisruptions 16
1.4.3.2 BiogeochemicalAlterations 17
1.4.4 ClimateChange 18
1.5 Conclusions 20
Acknowledgments 21
References 21
2 DetectionandSurveillanceofHarmfulAlgalBloomSpeciesandToxins 39
GregoryJ.Doucette,LindaK.Medlin,PearseMcCarron,andPhilippHess
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 OrganismDetection 41
2.2.1 Visual/Optical 41
2.2.1.1 LightMicroscopy(LM)/Utermöhl’s 41
2.2.1.2 LightMicroscopy/FlowCytometry 41
2.2.1.3 InVivoFluorometry 42
2.2.1.4 SpectralAbsorbance/Spectroradiometry 43
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viii Contents
2.2.2 Molecular 43
2.2.2.1 WholeCellFormat 44
2.2.2.2 Cell-FreeFormat 47
2.3 ToxinDetection 51
2.3.1 InVivoAssays 53
2.3.1.1 RatBioassay 58
2.3.1.2 MouseBioassay 58
2.3.2 InVitroAssays 59
2.3.2.1 FunctionalAssays 60
2.3.2.2 StructuralAssays 66
2.3.2.3 Biosensors 71
2.3.3 AnalyticalTechniques 72
2.3.3.1 High-PerformanceLiquidChromatographywithOpticalDetection(UVorFLD) 73
2.3.3.2 LiquidChromatography–MassSpectrometry(LC-MS)andLiquid
Chromatography–TandemMassSpectrometry(LC-MS/MS) 75
2.3.3.3 OtherAnalyticalMethods:CapillaryElectrophoresis(CE),Matrix-AssistedLaser
DesorptionIonization-TimeofFlight(MALDI-TOF),andLaserAblationElectrospray
Ionization(LAESI) 78
2.3.3.4 Perspectives 79
2.4 Autonomous,InSitu Technologies 80
2.4.1 EnvironmentalSampleProcessor(McLaneResearchLaboratories) 81
2.4.2 ImagingFlowCytobot (McLaneResearchLaboratories) 83
2.4.3 OpticalPhytoplanktonDiscriminator(akaBreveBuster;MoteMarineLaboratory) 84
2.4.4 CytoBuoy(CytoBuoyb.v.) 85
2.4.5 SPATTPassiveSamplers 86
2.5 ConclusionsandFutureProspects 87
Disclaimer 89
ReferencesandFurtherReading 89
3 ModelingMarineHarmfulAlgalBlooms:CurrentStatusandFutureProspects 115
KevinJ.FlynnandDennisJ.McGillicuddy,Jr.
3.1 Introduction 115
3.2 BuildingModelstoDescribeEcologicalEvents 117
3.3 LimitationstoWhatModelsCanDo,andWhy 119
3.3.1 BuildingModels 119
3.3.2 ModelComplexity 119
3.3.3 TheNeedforData 120
3.3.4 ValidatingModels 121
3.4 ModelingT-HABandED-HABEvents 121
3.5 HowGoodAreCurrentHABModels? 122
3.6 FutureModelingofT-HABandED-HAB:ManagingExpectations 128
3.7 ImprovingOurCapabilities 129
3.7.1 ChangesintheBiological–ModelingInterface 129
Acknowledgments 130
References 130
4 HarmfulAlgalBloomsandShellfish 135
LeilaBasti,HélèneHégaret,andSandraE.Shumway
4.1 Introduction 135
4.2 MajorShellfishPoisonings 136
4.2.1 ParalyticShellfishPoisoning(PSP) 136
4.2.2 DiarrheicShellfishPoisoning(DSP) 137
4.2.3 NeurotoxicShellfishPoisoning(NSP) 138
4.2.4 AmnesicShellfishPoisoning(ASP) 139
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Contents ix
4.2.5 AzaspiracidShellfishPoisoning(AZP) 139
4.3 OtherToxins:Pectenotoxins(PTX)andYessotoxins(YTX) 140
4.4 EmergingShellfishPoisonings 141
4.5 ToxinUptake,Accumulation,andDepuration 142
4.6 ShellfishContaminationinNorthAmerica 143
4.6.1 Bivalves 143
4.6.1.1 ParalyticShellfishContamination 143
4.6.1.2 DiarrheicShellfishContamination 149
4.6.1.3 NeurotoxicShellfishContamination 150
4.6.1.4 AmnesicShellfishContamination 151
4.6.2 Gastropods 154
4.6.3 Crustaceans 162
4.7 ImpactsonShellfish 163
4.8 ConclusionsandPerspectives 164
ReferencesandFurtherReading 167
5 VulnerabilitiesofMarineMammalstoHarmfulAlgalBlooms 191
MargaretH.Broadwater,FrancesM.VanDolah,andSpencerE.Fire
5.1 Introduction 191
5.2 OverviewofAlgalToxins 192
5.2.1 Brevetoxins 193
5.2.2 Ciguatoxins 199
5.2.3 DiarrheticShellfishPoisoningToxins 200
5.2.4 DomoicAcid 201
5.2.5 ParalyticShellfishToxins 206
5.2.6 OtherAlgalandCyanobacterialToxins 209
5.3 ImpactsofAlgalToxinsSpecifictoMarineMammals 210
5.3.1 TheEffectsofToxinExposureDependonAnimalPhysiologyand
Behavior 210
5.3.2 EmergingIssues:Non-acuteandMultipleToxinExposure 211
5.3.3 ProspectsforManagingImpactsofHAB 211
5.4 ConsiderationsfortheEvaluationofHABToxinsinMarineMammals 212
5.4.1 SamplingMarineMammalsforHABToxinAnalysis 213
5.4.2 PriorityNeedsforInvestigatingHABToxinInvolvementinMarineMammal
MorbidityandMortality 214
Abbreviations 214
ReferencesandFurtherReading 215
6 InteractionsbetweenSeabirdsandHarmfulAlgalBlooms 223
CorinneM.GibbleandBrianA.Hoover
6.1 Introduction 223
6.2 HistoricalInteractionsbetweenHABandSeabirds 224
6.2.1 ParalyticShellfishPoisoning(PSP) 224
6.2.2 NeurotoxicShellfishPoisoning(NSP) 227
6.2.3 AmnesicShellfishPoisoning 228
6.2.4 Akashiwosanguinea 228
6.2.5 DiarrheicShellfishPoisoning(DSP) 229
6.2.6 CyanoHAB 230
6.3 ImprovedMonitoringandEstablishmentofCausality 231
6.3.1 CoordinatingMonitoringandPathologytoConfirmRelationshipsbetweenHAB
andSeabirdMortality 231
6.3.2 SeabirdsasBiologicalIndicators 233
6.4 ImplicationsforConservation 234
References 235