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Selenium WebDriver
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A Deep Dive into the Development
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Boni García
Foreword by Simon Stewart
Hands-On Selenium
WebDriver with Java
A Deep Dive into the Development of
End-to-End Tests
Boni García
BBeeiijjiinngg BBoossttoonn FFaarrnnhhaamm SSeebbaassttooppooll TTookkyyoo
Hands-On Selenium WebDriver with Java
by Boni García
Copyright © 2022 Boni García. All rights reserved.
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978-1-098-11000-0
[LSI]
To the most precious thing to me in the world: my children, Pablo and Carlos.
I love you more than anything.
Table of Contents
Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Part I. Introduction
1. A Primer on Selenium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Selenium Core Components 3
Selenium WebDriver 5
Selenium Grid 6
Selenium IDE 8
Selenium Ecosystem 10
Language Bindings 10
Driver Managers 11
Locator Tools 12
Frameworks 12
Browser Infrastructure 14
Community 15
Software Testing Fundamentals 16
Levels of Testing 16
Types of Testing 19
Testing Methodologies 21
Test Automation Tools 24
Summary and Outlook 28
v
2. Preparing for Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Requirements 29
Java Virtual Machine 30
Text Editor or IDE 30
Browsers and Drivers 30
Build Tools 31
Optional Software 31
Project Setup 32
Project Layout 32
Dependencies 34
Hello World 45
Using Additional Browsers 48
Summary and Outlook 49
Part II. The Selenium WebDriver API
3. WebDriver Fundamentals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Basic WebDriver Usage 53
WebDriver Creation 53
WebDriver Methods 57
Session Identifier 58
WebDriver Disposal 59
Locating WebElements 59
The Document Object Model (DOM) 59
WebElement Methods 61
Location Strategies 62
Finding Locators on a Web Page 72
Compound Locators 74
Relative Locators 76
What Strategy Should You Use? 80
Keyboard Actions 82
File Uploading 83
Range Sliders 84
Mouse Actions 85
Web Navigation 85
Checkboxes and Radio Buttons 86
User Gestures 86
Right-Click and Double-Click 88
Mouseover 89
Drag and Drop 90
vi | Table of Contents
Click and Hold 91
Copy and Paste 92
Waiting Strategies 94
Implicit Wait 94
Explicit Wait 96
Fluent Wait 98
Summary and Outlook 100
4. Browser-Agnostic Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Executing JavaScript 101
Synchronous Scripts 102
Pinned Scripts 108
Asynchronous Scripts 109
Timeouts 110
Page Loading Timeout 110
Script Loading Timeout 111
Screenshots 112
WebElement Screenshots 115
Window Size and Position 116
Browser History 117
The Shadow DOM 118
Cookies 120
Dropdown Lists 125
Data List Elements 127
Navigation Targets 128
Tabs and Windows 129
Frames and Iframes 131
Dialog Boxes 133
Alerts, Confirms, and Prompts 134
Modal Windows 136
Web Storage 137
Event Listeners 138
WebDriver Exceptions 142
Summary and Outlook 144
5. Browser-Specific Manipulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Browser Capabilities 145
Headless Browser 147
Page Loading Strategies 151
Device Emulation 153
Web Extensions 155
Table of Contents | vii
Geolocation 160
Notifications 162
Browser Binary 165
Web Proxies 166
Log Gathering 168
Get User Media 169
Loading Insecure Pages 171
Localization 173
Incognito 175
Edge in Internet Explorer Mode 175
The Chrome DevTools Protocol 177
CDP Selenium Wrappers 177
CDP Raw Commands 180
Location Context 191
Web Authentication 191
Print Page 193
WebDriver BiDi 194
Summary and Outlook 196
6. Remote WebDriver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Selenium WebDriver Architecture 197
Creation of RemoteWebDriver Objects 199
RemoteWebDriver Constructor 199
RemoteWebDriver Builder 201
WebDriverManager Builder 201
Selenium-Jupiter 202
Selenium Grid 203
Standalone 203
Hub-nodes 207
Fully Distributed 208
Observability 213
Configuration 216
Cloud Providers 217
Browsers in Docker Containers 219
Docker Images for Selenium Grid 220
Selenoid 222
WebDriverManager 224
Selenium-Jupiter 227
Summary and Outlook 228
viii | Table of Contents
