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Hands-OnElectronics
Packedfullofrealcircuitstobuildandtest,Hands-OnElectronicsisauniqueintroduction
toanaloganddigitalelectronicstheoryandpractice.Idealbothasacollegetextbookand
forself-study,thefriendlystyle,clearillustrationsandconstructiondetailsincludedinthe
bookencouragerapidandeffectivelearningofanaloganddigitalcircuitdesigntheory.
Allthemajortopicsforatypicalone-semestercoursearecovered,includingRCcircuits,
diodes,transistors,opamps,oscillators,digitallogic,counters,D/Aconvertersandmore.
Therearealsochaptersexplaininghowtousetheequipmentneededfortheexamples
(oscilloscope,multimeterandbreadboard),togetherwithpinoutdiagramsforallthekey
componentsreferredtointhebook.
Hands-On Electronics
A One-Semester Course for
Class Instruction or Self-Study
Daniel M. Kaplan
and
Christopher G. White
IllinoisInstituteofTechnology
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge , United Kingdom
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521815369
© Cambridge University Press 2003
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2003
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Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of
s for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not
guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Contents
Listoffigures pagexi
Listoftables xv
Abouttheauthors xvi
TotheReader xvii
Acknowledgments xviii
Introduction xix
1 Equipment familiarization: multimeter, breadboard,
and oscilloscope 1
1.1 Multimeter 1
1.2 Breadboard 2
1.2.1 Measuringvoltage 4
1.2.2 Measuringcurrent;resistanceandOhm’slaw 5
1.2.3 Measuringresistance 8
1.3 Oscilloscope 8
1.3.1 Probesandprobetest 10
1.3.2 Display 11
1.3.3 Verticalcontrols 11
1.3.4 Horizontalsweep 12
1.3.5 Triggering 12
1.3.6 Additionalfeatures 13
2 RC circuits 15
2.1 Reviewofcapacitors 15
2.1.1 Useofcapacitors;reviewofACcircuits 17
2.1.2 Typesandvaluesofcapacitors 19
v
vi Contents
2.2 Reviewofcurrent,voltage,andpower 20
2.2.1 Destructivedemonstrationofresistorpowerrating 21
2.3 Potentiometerasvoltagedivider 22
2.3.1 DCvoltagedivider 23
2.3.2 ACvoltagedivider 23
2.4 RCcircuit 24
2.5 RCcircuitasintegrator 24
2.6 Low-passfilter 25
2.7 RCcircuitasdifferentiator 27
2.8 High-passfilter 28
2.9 Summaryofhigh-andlow-passfilters 28
3 Diodes 31
3.1 Semiconductorbasics 31
3.2 Typesofdiodes 35
3.3 Rectification 36
3.4 Diodeaction–amoresophisticatedview 37
3.5 Measuringthediodecharacteristic 38
3.6 Exploringrectification 40
3.7 Inputandoutputimpedance 45
4 Bipolar transistors 47
4.1 Bipolar-junction-transistorbasics 47
4.1.1 Basicdefinitions 50
4.1.2 Simplestwaytoanalyzetransistorcircuits 51
4.1.3 Ebers–Molltransistormodel 52
4.2 Experiments 54
4.2.1 Checkingtransistorswithameter 54
4.2.2 Emitterfollower 55
4.2.3 Common-emitteramplifier 57
4.2.4 Collectorascurrentsource 59
4.2.5 Transistorswitch 60
4.3 Additionalexercises 61
4.3.1 Darlingtonconnection 61
vii Contents
4.3.2 Push–pulldriver 62
4.3.3 Common-baseamplifier 63
5 Transistors II: FETs 65
5.1 Field-effecttransistors 65
5.1.1 FETcharacteristics 66
5.1.2 ModelingFETaction 68
5.2 Exercises 69
5.2.1 FETcharacteristics 69
5.2.2 FETcurrentsource 70
5.2.3 Sourcefollower 71
5.2.4 JFETamplifier 73
6 Transistors III: differential amplifier 75
6.1 Differentialamplifier 75
6.1.1 Operatingprinciple 76
6.1.2 Expecteddifferentialgain 76
6.1.3 Measuringthedifferentialgain 77
6.1.4 Inputoffsetvoltage 78
6.1.5 Common-modegain 78
6.2 Opampsandtheirbuildingblocks 79
6.2.1 Currentmirror 79
6.2.2 Differentialamplifierwithcurrent-sourceloads 80
6.2.3 Improvedcurrentmirror 82
6.2.4 Wilsoncurrentmirror 82
7 Introduction to operational amplifiers 85
7.1 The741operationalamplifier 85
7.1.1 741pinoutandpowerconnections 86
7.1.2 Anidealopamp 87
7.1.3 Gainofinvertingandnoninvertingamplifiers 88
7.1.4 Opamp‘goldenrules’ 90
7.1.5 Thenonidealopamp 90
viii Contents
7.2 Experiments 91
7.2.1 Testingopen-loopgain 91
7.2.2 Invertingamplifier 92
7.2.3 Noninvertingamplifier 93
7.2.4 Voltagefollower 94
7.2.5 Differenceamplifier 95
7.3 Additionalexperiments 97
7.3.1 Currentsource 97
7.3.2 Noninvertingsummingampwithdifferenceamplifier 98
8 More op amp applications 101
8.1 Opampsignalprocessing 101
8.1.1 Differentiator 102
8.1.2 Integrator 103
8.1.3 Logarithmicandexponentialamplifiers 105
8.2 Experiments 106
8.2.1 Differentialandintegralamplifiers 106
8.2.2 Logarithmicandexponentialamplifiers 108
8.2.3 Opampactiverectifier 108
8.2.4 Opampwithpush–pullpowerdriver 109
8.3 Additionalexercises 111
9 Comparators and oscillators 113
9.1 Experiments 113
9.1.1 Opampascomparator 113
9.1.2 Unintentionalfeedback:oscillation 115
9.1.3 Intentionalpositivefeedback:Schmitttrigger 116
9.1.4 RCrelaxationoscillator 117
9.1.5 555timerIC 118
9.2 Additionalexperiments 121
9.2.1 Alarm! 121
9.2.2 Sine/cosineoscillator 122
9.2.3 Activebandpassfilter 123
