Handjob of Biochips: Integrated Circuits and Systems for Biology and Medicine

1855 Pages·2022·21.674 MB·English

by  Sawan

Mohamad Sawan
Editor
Handbook of
Biochips
Integrated Circuits and Systems for
Biology and Medicine
Handbook of Biochips
Mohamad Sawan
Editor
Handbook of Biochips
Integrated Circuits and Systems for
Biology and Medicine
With810Figuresand89Tables
Editor
MohamadSawan
Cutting-edgeNetofBiomedicalResearch
AndINnovation(CenBRAIN)
SchoolofEngineering
WestlakeUniversity
Hangzhou,Zhejiang,China
EmeritusProfessor,PolystimNeurotechLabs
PolytechniqueMontreal
Montreal,Canada
ISBN978-1-4419-9318-2 ISBN978-1-4614-3447-4(eBook)
ISBN978-1-4614-3503-7(printandelectronicbundle)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3447-4
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Preface
The integrated circuits (ICs) and systems for biology and medicine are biochips
spreading in most sciences and engineering disciplines, fundamental sciences, and
applications.Thesebiochipsareintendedforneurosciencediscoveries, biosensing,
diagnosis,monitoring,DNAandneurotransmittersdetectionandmanipulation,and
for diseases treatment applying electrical/optical stimulation and drug delivery
methods.
Aglobalviewofatypicalelectronicbiochipshowsthatitiscomposedofseveral
modules integrated altogether to achieve fruitful functionalities. In fact, many bio-
chips(ICsordies)canbebuiltaroundathinboardprovidingplacementflexibilityon
specific application environment. In addition, biochips introduced for in vitro and
exvivoapplicationsarebuiltaroundvarioustypesofstructuresandplatforms.Some
of these devices are based on lab-on-chip (LoC) platforms which can occupy
miniaturized board areas or each can be integrated in single IC occupying very
large silicon area. High reliability, very low power consumption, reduced volume,
and flexibility of these biochips are among the main criteria adopted to implement
biosensors and bioactuators, which are promising solutions to numerous
pathologies.
On the one hand, the advent of micro/nano electronics and microsystems moti-
vated the emergence of novel wearable and implantable biochips intended for
introducing various smart medical devices (SMD). A typical implantable SMD is
wirelessly powered and can be a biochip intended for neurorecording and/or elec-
trical/opticalstimulation.Also,usuallyitiscomposedofapowerreceiverblock,an
external controller, and implantable communication modules for the exchange of
powerandencodeddataovertheelectromagnetictransmittedwave.Inaddition,the
SMD includes front- and back-endstages,adigitalcontrolunit, aswell ason-chip
memory. For the external controller, it is intended to provide instructions and
stimulation parameters (downlink) to its corresponding implantable part. On the
otherhand,themonitoredandrecordedneuromuscularsignalsandimplant’sstatus
are sampled and sent to the external controller (uplink) for further processing.
Currently SMDs are used to enhance vital functions such as pacemakers and
defibrators for cardiovascular irregularities, intracortical stimulators to recover
vision for the blind, other brain stimulators for brain diseases like Parkinson and
epilepsy, and cochlear implants to recover hearing function to profoundly deaf
v
vi Preface
persons. Also, many other devices dedicated for respiration and leg and hand
movementsareavailable.Inaddition,majorresearchactivitiesarebeingconducted
torecoverurinarybladderfunctions(voidingandtopreventincontinence).
Several unique attractive features characterize this handbook. It is intended to
bring to readers state-of-the-art materials in main types of biochips. However, we
focusonthefollowingfivemajorparts:BiosensingTechnologies;Multi-chipSmart
Neuroprosthesis;Lab-on-Chip(LoC)forDiagnosis,Monitoring,andDrugDelivery;
TelemetryandOtherWirelessLink–RelatedBiochips;andMicrostimulators.These
parts are composed of 61 chapters. Nevertheless, it is important to notice that
covering all categories of biochips with details may require several handbooks.
Thebenefitofthishandbookistohaveastate-of-the-artreferencedescribingmain
emerging/booming researchtopicswith clear analysisofrelation between different
categories of biochips and interactions with the body including wireless remote
controlandarrayofmicroelectrodesbasedonnewbiomaterials.
Inthishandbook,wefocusonthemostcurrentlyconductedresearchactivitiesin
biochips. Consequently, part 1 titled Biosensing Technologies, which includes
15 chapters, describes the latest results in biosensors such as blood pressure,
biopotentials, neurorecording, optical neural interfaces, and biosensors of different
vitalsigns.Part2titledMulti-chipSmartNeuroprosthesis,whichconsistsof9chap-
ters,concernsartificialolfactorysystems,closed-loopdevices,brain-computerinter-
faces, and visual stimulation systems. Part 3, which contains 11 chapters, is about
lab-on-chipdevicesfordiagnosis,monitoring,anddrugdelivery.Somechaptersin
thispartcoverDNAdetection,capacitivecellsensing,glucosemonitoring,nuclear
magnetic resonance, optical biosensing, porous silicon-based sensing, and other
brain-on-a-chip devices.Inpart 4titled Telemetry andWireless Link–Related Bio-
chips, there are 18 chapters sharing the latest research intended to improve the
capacitive, inductive, and optical links to wirelessly transmit data and power to
various biochip-based applications such as Doppler radar sensor platform,
intracortical brain-machine interfaces, wireless capsule navigation within thebody,
healthyradios,andsecurityandinnovationprotectionofbiochips.Inpart5wefocus
mainly on microstimulators; eight chapters in this part cover retinal and subretinal
visualprostheses,afoot-dropstimulator,endocardialstimulationsystem,etc.
Searchandanalysisofpriorarticlepublicationsrelatedtotopicsofthesechapters
give that parts 1–5 share 37%, 11%, 28%, 17%, and 7%, respectively. However,
topics in part 1 are ECG monitoring 18%, blood pressure monitoring 17%, multi-
channel neurorecording 10%, biopotential amplifiers 9%, and peripheral nerve
sensors8%,andseveralothertopicssharetheremaining38%ofliteratures.Topics
inpart2areretinalvisualsystems37%,brain-computerinterfaces20%,closed-loop
neural systems 14%,and neuromodulationfor epilepsy 9%, andafew other topics
share the remaining 20% of related literatures. Published results from part 3 are
various probes for biosensing 35%; optical bioanalysis 25%; and lab, body, and
brain-on-chipdevices18%;andothertopicssharetheremaining22%.Topicsinpart
4arepoweranddata telemetry 33%, ultralow powertransmitters 16%,andoptical
platforms 15%, and many other areas share the remaining 36%. Finally subjects
sharing the content of part 5 are sub-retinal stimulator 30%, multichannel
Preface vii
microstimulation ICs 22%, food-drop stimulator 9%, electroencephalogram-based
projects9%,andallotherrelatedtopicssharetheremaining30%.
The numerouschaptersof variousparts are theresult ofhuge effortsspent by a
trulyinternationalgroupofexpertstoofferthebestlandscapeinthefieldofbiochips.
Ifeelverymuchindebtedtoevery authorfortheinvaluablededicationtokeepthe
level of this handbook at a high standard. I wish to thank them for choosing to
publish a contribution to this handbook. Due to their individual contribution, I
managedtoassemblethishandbookofhighscientificquality.Ithasbeengratifying
to learn more about the advances provided by every author. Also, I would like to
thank the numerous volunteers that helped topromote thehandbook, and tolocate
andinvitetheauthors.ThanksareduetoSuminBian,JieYang,andYitian(Claire)
Zhang members of my group in Westlake University, and Abbas Hammoud and
HusseinAssaffromPolystimNeurotechofPolytechniqueMontreal.Finally,Iowe
my deepest thanks to Springer personnel, in particular Lydia Mueller, Charles
Glaser, Sunali Mull, and Akshara PP, who gave me the opportunity to edit this
handbook, and for the constant support provided to achieve this; this handbook of
biochipsisonlypossiblewiththeirexperthelp.
Hangzhou,China MohamadSawan,Ph.D.
Montreal,Canada ChairProfessor
January2022 EmeritusProfessor
Editor
Contents
Volume 1
PartI WearableandImplantableBiosensingTechnologies ...... 1
1 BladderControlImplants ................................ 3
Shuenn-YuhLeeandChen-YuehHuang
2 DevelopmentandEvaluationofaContinuousBloodPressure
MonitoringSystem ..................................... 21
ToshiyaArakawa,NoriakiSakakibara,andShinjiKondo
3 ElectricalBiosensors:BiopotentialAmplifiers ................ 41
FanZhang,TanYang,JeremyHolleman,andBrianOtis
4 ElectricalBiosensors:PeripheralNerveSensors .............. 65
ClemensEderandAndreasDemosthenous
5 ImpedanceSpectroscopyforBiosensing:Circuitsand
Applications ........................................... 87
MarcoCarminati,GiorgioFerrari,DavideBianchi,andMarco
Sampietro
6 Low-PowerDesignTechniqueforMultichannelNeural
RecordingInterface ..................................... 111
Wen-SinLiewandYongLian
7 On-SkinChemicalSensors ............................... 129
BowenZhu
8 OpticalBiosensors:ImplantableMultimodalDevicesin
FreelyMovingRodents .................................. 143
JunOhta,KiyotakaSasagawa,andMakitoHaruta
9 OpticalInterfacingofNeuronalActivity .................... 159
QiantaoLv,DandanChen,JingNing,XingjiangZhang,andYiSun
ix
x Contents
10 OptogeneticImplants ................................... 179
HubinZhao
11 SensorsforVitalSigns .................................. 207
R.M.RossiandS.Annaheim
12 SensorsforVitalSigns:ECGMonitoringSystems ............ 221
SameerSonkusale
13 SensorsforVitalSigns:HumiditySensors ................... 245
WagnerCoimbraandArnaldoLeal-Junior
14 SensorsforVitalSigns:Micro-BallWirelessEndoscopic
Capsules ............................................. 263
YingkeGu,XiangXie,GuolinLi,andZhihuaWang
15 SensorsforVitalSigns:OxygenSensors .................... 291
K.N.Glaros,M.L.Rogers,M.G.Boutelle,andE.M.Drakakis
PartII Multi-ChipSmartNeuroprosthesis .................... 315
16 ACElectrokinetics-EnhancedCapacitiveVirusDetection ....... 317
ChengChengandJayneWu
17 ArtificialOlfactorySystems .............................. 343
AmineBermak,MuhammadHassan,andXiaofangPan
18 Closed-LoopBidirectionalNeuroprostheticSystems ........... 363
Kea-Tiong(Samuel)Tang,HsinChen,andYu-PoLin
19 Closed-LoopNeuromodulationSystem-on-Chip(SoC)for
DetectionandTreatmentofEpilepsy ....................... 383
Ming-DouKerandCheng-HsiangCheng
20 Closed-Loop/BidirectionalNeuroprostheticSystems ........... 413
GabrielGagnon-Turcotte,OlivierTsiakaka,GuillaumeBilodeau,and
BenoitGosselin
21 Current-BasedNeurostimulationCircuitandSystem
Techniques ............................................ 445
RohollahShirafkanandOmidShoaei
22 Immunoreaction-BasedSensorstoImproveBacterial
Detection ............................................. 471
HuilinZhang,NanjiaZhou,andFengJu
23 ImplantableBrain-ComputerInterfacesforMonitoringand
TreatmentofNeurologicalDisorders ....................... 487
HosseinKassiriandRomanGenov
Contents xi
24 VisualStimulationSystems ............................... 517
TorstenLehmann,LouisH.Jung,GreggJ.Suaning,and
NigelH.Lovell
PartIII Lab-on-Chip(LoC)forDiagnosis,Monitoring,and
DrugDelivery ............................................ 541
25 CapacitiveDNAHybridizationDetection .................... 543
MichaelS.-C.Lu
26 CMOSCapacitanceBiosensorstoMonitorCellViability ....... 553
BathiyaSenevirathnaandPamelaAbshire
27 ContinuousGlucoseMonitoringSensorsforManagement
ofDiabetes ............................................ 571
SaraGhoreishizadehandSanjivSharma
28 DNAOpticalReadoutMethods ........................... 589
TakashiTokudaandJunOhta
29 FabricationofBrain-on-a-ChipDevices ..................... 601
JessicaK.Lu,PramilaGhode,andNitishV.Thakor
30 MolecularAnalysis:BioFETDetectionSensors ............... 631
PedroEstrela
31 Next-GenerationDNASequencing:IonTorrentSequencers
VersusNanoporeTechnology ............................. 651
ChakerTlili,KhouloudDjebbi,MohamedAminElaguech,
MohamedBahri,DamingZhou,BiaoShi,andDeqiangWang
32 On-ChipNuclearMagneticResonance ...................... 667
JensAnders,FrederikDreyer,andDanielKrüger
33 OpticalDetectionTechniquesforBioanalysis ................. 699
HamzaLandari,MounirBoukadoum,YounèsMessaddeq,and
AmineMiled
34 PorousSilicon-BasedBiosensors ........................... 711
GuoguangRong,SuminBian,andMohamadSawan
35 SensingandSamplingProbesforBioapplications ............. 731
AmineMiled,HamzaLandari,MounirBoukadoum,and
YounésMessaddeq