Handbook on Theoretical and Algorithmic Aspects of Sensor, Ad Hoc Wireless, and Peer-to-Peer Networks

852 Pages·2005·34.53 MB·English

by  Jie Wu

Au2832 _half title 6/7/05 1:54 PM Page 1
Handbook on
Theoretical and
Algorithmic Aspects of
Sensor, Ad Hoc Wireless,
and Peer-to-Peer Networks
Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Au2832 _title 6/7/05 1:51 PM Page 1
Handbook on
Theoretical and
Algorithmic Aspects of
Sensor, Ad Hoc Wireless,
and Peer-to-Peer Networks
Edited by Jie Wu
Boca Raton London New York Singapore
Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
AU2832_Discl.fm Page 1 Wednesday, July 6, 2005 3:31 PM
Published in 2006 by
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© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-2832-2 (Hardcover)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook on theoretical and algorithmic aspect of sensor, ad hoc wireless, and peer-to-peer networks /
edited by Jie Wu.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-2832-2 (alk. paper)
1. Wireless LANs. I. Wu, Jie, 1961-
TK5105.78.H37 2005
004.6'8--dc22 2004065010
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Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Preface
Overview
TheoreticalandalgorithmicapproachesinSensornetworks,Adhocwirelessnetworks,andPeer-to-peer
networks (together called SAP networks) have played a central role in the development of emerging
networkparadigms.Thesethreenetworksarecharacterizedbytheiradhocnaturewithoutinfrastructure
orcentralizedadministration.Unlikeinfrastructurednetworks,suchascellularnetworks,wherenodes
interactthroughacentralizedbasestation,nodesinaSAPnetworkinteractinapeer-to-peerfashion.
As a result of the mobility (including joining/leaving the network) of their nodes, SAP networks are
characterizedbydynamicallychangingtopologies.TheapplicationsofSAPnetworksrangefromcivilian
(file-sharing)todisasterrecovery(search-and-rescue),tomilitary(battlefield).
Themaingoalofthisbookistofilltheneedforcomprehensivereferencematerialontherecentdevel-
opmentontheoreticalandalgorithmicaspectsofthreerelatedfields.Topicscoveredinclude:theoretical
andalgorithmicmethods/toolsforoptimization,computationalgeometry,graphtheory,andcombina-
torics;protocolsecurityandprivacy;scalabilitydesign;distributedandlocalizedsolutions;databaseand
datamanagement;operatingsystemsandmiddlewaresupport;powercontrolsystemsandenergyefficient
design;applications;andperformanceandsimulations.
Thisbookbringstogetherdifferentresearchdisciplinestoinitiateacomprehensivetechnicaldiscussion
ontheoreticalandalgorithmicapproachestothreerelatedfields:sensornetworks,adhocwirelessnet-
works,andpeer-to-peernetworks.Theobjectiveistoidentifyseveralcommontheoreticalandalgorithmic
approachesthatcanaddressissuesrelatedtoSAPnetworks.Thecentraltopicisdefinedbythefollowing
twoquestions:WhatarethecentraltechnicalissuesinSAPnetworks?Whatarethepossiblesolutions/tools
availabletoaddresstheseissues?
Thisbookisexpectedtoserveasareferencebookfordevelopersinthetelecommunicationindustryor
asatextbookforagraduatecourseincomputerscienceandengineering.Itisorganizedinthefollowing
threegroupsas47chapters.
(cid:1)
Ad-HocWirelessNetworks(19chapters)
(cid:1)
SensorNetworks(16chapters)
(cid:1)
Peer-to-PeerNetworks(12chapters)
Althoughmanybookshaveemergedrecentlyinthisarea,noneofthemaddressallthreefieldsinterms
ofcommonissues.Thisbookhasthefollowingfeaturesandbenefits:
(cid:1)
Coverage of three related fields, ad hoc wireless, sensor, and peer-to-peer networks, allows the
readertoeasilycross-referencesimilarresultsinthreefields.
(cid:1)
Internationalgroupsofauthorspresentbalancedcoverageofresearchresults.
(cid:1)
Systematictreatmentoftheoreticalandalgorithmicaspectsallowsthereadereasyaccesstosome
importantresults.
Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
(cid:1)
Applicationsandusesofthesenetworksoffergoodmotivationforresearchinthesefields.
(cid:1)
Authoritativematerialsonabroadrangeoftopicsprovideacomprehensivetreatmentofvarious
importanttopicsbysomeoftheleadingresearchersinthefield.
Common Theoretical and Algorithmic Issues
ThefollowingpreliminarysetofcommontheoreticalandalgorithmicissuesisidentifiedforSAPnetworks.
LocationManagement(insensornetworks,adhocwirelessnetworks,andpeer-to-peernetworks):This
issueaddressestheproblemof“WhereisX.”Thisproblemcanbeanalyzedfromtwoaspects:updateand
page.Theupdatingprocessnotifiesthelocationserversofthecurrentlocationsofnodes.Insearchofa
node,thepagingprocessqueriestheserverstoidentifytheexact/possiblelocationsofthemobilestation
before the actual search. This avoids the potentially high costs of doing a global search. Updating and
pagingcostsaretradeoffs.Morefrequentupdatescanimprovetheaccuracyoftheinformationinlocation
servers,thusreducingthepagingcosts.Onthecontrary,lessfrequentupdatescansaveupdatingcosts,
but may incur higher paging costs, especially for highly mobile stations. Many analytical tools such as
queueinganalysisandMarkovchainanalysisareusedinthisarea.Graphtheoreticalmodelsareusedin
peer-to-peernetworksbasedonbuildinganoverlaynetwork.
SecurityandPrivacy(insensornetworks,adhocwirelessnetworks,andpeer-to-peernetworks):Security
isthepossibilityofasystemwithstandinganattack.Therearetwotypesofsecuritymechanisms:preventive
anddetective.Themajorityofthepreventivemechanismshavecryptographyasbuildingcomponents.The
goalofsystemsecurityistohavecontrolledaccesstoresources.ThekeyrequirementsforSAPnetworks
are confidentiality, authentication, integrity, non-repudiation and availability. SAP networks are more
pronetoattackbecauseoftheirdynamicand/orinfrastructurelessnature.Theattacksonnetworkscanbe
categorizedintointerruption,interception,modification,andfabrication.Inadditiontovarious“attacks,”
anumberof“trust”issuesalsooccurinSAPnetworks.Cryptographicalgorithmsarewidelyusedinthis
area.
TopologyDesignandControl(insensornetworks,adhocwirelessnetworks,andpeer-to-peernetworks):
Topologydesigndealswiththewaytocontrolthenetworktopologytoachieveseveraldesirableproperties
inSAPnetworks,includingsmalldiameterandsmallaveragenodedistanceinpeer-to-peernetworks,and
acertainlevelofnodeconnectivityinsensorandadhocwirelessnetworks.Ingeneral,eachnodehasa
similarnumberofneighbors,andtheaveragenodaldegreeshouldbesmall.Regularanduniformstructures
areusuallypreferred.Inmanycases,topologycontrolistiedtoenergy-efficientdesign.Traditionalgraph
theoryisusuallyusedtodealwithtopologycontrol.
ScalableDesign(insensornetworks,adhocwirelessnetworks,andpeer-to-peernetworks):Scalabledesign
dealswithhowtoincreasethenumberofnodeswithoutdegradingsystemorprotocolperformance.The
mostcommonapproachforsupportingscalabilityistheclusteringapproachusedbothinsensornetworks
andadhocwirelessnetworks.Basically,thenetworkispartitionedintoasetofclusterheads,withone
clusterheadineachcluster.Clusterheadsdonothavedirectconnectivitytoeachother,buteachclusterhead
directlyconnectstoallofitsmembers.Insensornetworks,theclusteringapproachisusedtoreducethe
numberofforwardnodes(whichcontactthebasestationdirectly),andhence,toreduceoverallenergy
consumption.Thetraditionalscalabilityanalysisisnormallyused.
Energy-AwareDesign(insensornetworksandadhocwirelessnetworks):Energy-awaredesignhasbeen
applied to various levels of protocol stacks. Most works have been done at the network layer. Several
differentprotocolshavebeenproposedtomanageenergyconsumptionbyadjustingtransmissionranges.
In the source-independent approach, all nodes can be a source and are able to reach all other nodes
byassigningappropriateranges.Theproblemofminimizingthetotaltransmissionpowerconsumption
Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
(basedonanassignedmodel)isNP-completeforboth2-Dand3-Dspace.Variousheuristicsolutions
existsforthisproblem.AttheMAClayer,powersavingtechniquesforadhocandsensornetworkscanbe
dividedintotwocategories:sleepingand powercontrolling.Thesleepingmethodsputwirelessnodesinto
periodicsleepstatesinordertoreducepowerconsumptionintheidlelisteningmode.Bothgraphtheory
andoptimizationmethodsarewidelyusedinthisarea.
RoutingandBroadcasting(insensornetworksandadhocwirelessnetworks):Thisissuedealswithtrade-
offsbetweenproactiveandreactiverouting,flatandhierarchicalrouting,location-assistandnon-location-
assistroutingandsource-dependentandsource-independentbroadcasting.Thesetrade-offsfocusoncost
andefficiencyandaredependentonvariousparameters,suchasnetworktopology,hostmobility,and
networkandtrafficdensity.Variousgraphtheoreticalmodels(suchasdominatingset)andcomputational
geometricmodels(suchasYaograph,RNG(relativeneighborhoodgraph),andGabrielgraph)havebeen
used.Graphtheory,distributedalgorithms,andcomputationalgeometryarewidelyusedinthisarea.
Acknowledgments
Iwishtothankalltheauthorsfortheircontributionstothequalityofthebook.ThesupportfromNSF
foraninternationalworkshop,heldatFortLauderdale,Floridainearly2004,isgreatlyappreciated.Many
chapterscomefromtheextensionofpresentationsatthatworkshop.
SpecialthankstoRichO’Hanley,themanagingeditor,forhisguidanceandsupportthroughoutthe
process.IthasbeenapleasuretoworkwithAndreaDembyandClaireMiller,whocollectedandeditedall
chapters.Iamgratefultothemfortheircontinuoussupportandprofessionalism.Thankstomystudents,
EyraBethancourtandMaxHaider,fortheirassistance.
Finally, I thank my children, NiNi and YaoYao, and my wife, Ruiguang Zhang, for making this all
worthwhileandfortheirpatienceduringmynumeroushoursworkingbothathomeandattheoffice.
Copyright 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contributors
MehranAbolhasan RatnabaliBiswas GuohongCao
TelecommunicationandIT OBRResearchCenterfor DepartmentofComputer
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UniversityofCalifornia,
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