Table Of ContentHandbook of
ZOONOSES
Second Edition
Section A:
Bacterial,
Rickettsial,
Chlamydial,
andMycotic
George W. Beran, Editor-in-Chief
James H. Steele, Consulting Editor
Abram S. Benenson, Editor for Human Diseases
Michael Torten, Editor for Spirochetal Zoo noses and Retroviral Diseases
David W. Dreesen, Editor for Foodborne Zoonoses
Miodrag Ristic, Editor for Rickettsial Zoonoses
Allan C. Pier, Editor for Mycotic Zoonoses
CRCPress
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of zoonoses I George W. Beran, editor-in-chief-2nd ed.
p. cm.
Revised edition of: CRC handbook series in zoonoses.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Contents: section A. Bacterial, rickettsial, chlamydia!, and mycotic (v.A).-section B. Viral
ISBN 0-8493-3205-2 (sec. A).-ISBN 0-8493-3206-2 (sect. B)
I. Zoonoses-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Beran, George W.
RCII3.5.C72 1994
616.9'59-dc20 93-48876
CIP
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PREFACE
HANDBOOK OF ZOONOSES, SECOND EDITION
Human beings, animals, birds, insects and arachnids, and the inanimate environment are all
involved in cycles of infection and intoxication of the zoonoses. The term derived from Greek
won (animals) and noses (diseases) literally means diseases from animals. In this handbook series,
infections and diseases are considered that are naturally transmitted between animals or birds and
human beings. Transmission may be direct or through arthropod vectors or environmental foci.
In some, the etiologic agents exist freely in the environment from which animal or human ex
posures occur. Foods of animal origin may be the source of infectious agents or toxicants to
people.
The number of infections and diseases which can be classified as zoonoses varies from ap
proximately 100 (99 of the 169 infections and parasitic diseases included in Control of Com
municable Diseases in Man, 15th ed., 1990) to approximately 3,000 (separately listing over 520
arboviral infections, over 2,000 salmonella serotypes, and over 200 leptospiral serovars). The
importance of the zoonoses is based on their prevalence as chronic infections and incidence of
new infections, the fluctuations which occur in the incidence of infections, the presence of high
risk individuals within populations, the difficulties or costs encountered in attempting control, and
the emergence or new recognition of infections of unassessed potential. In this handbook series,
18 bacterial, 10 foodbome, 7 chlamydial and rickettsial, and 3 mycotic diseases are considered
important for specific considerations in Section A, and 42 viral diseases for consideration in
Section B.
Following an introduction for each zoonosis, consideration is made of its history, etiology,
epidemiology, the disease in animals, the disease in human beings, its public health aspects, and
references for further study. For many of the zoonoses, reference is also made to the first edition
of the Handbook Series in 'Zoonoses, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, published in eight volumes,
1979to 1983.
THE EDITORS
George W. Beran, D.V.M., Ph.D., L.H.D., Editor-in-Chief, is Distinguished Professor of
Veterinary Medicine at Iowa State University. He holds a D.V.M. degree from Iowa State Uni
versity, a Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology with emphasis on epidemiology from the University of
Kansas College of Medicine, and an honorary L.H.D. from Silliman University, Dumaguete City,
Philippines. He is a diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine with
specialization in epidemiology, and a diplomate of the American College of Epidemiology.
During his career he has served in private veterinary practice; as an epidemic intelligence
officer in the U.S. Public Health Service; as professor and director of the public health laboratory
at Silliman University; as director of the Central Laboratory of the Province of Negros Oriental,
Philippines; and as professor and chair of the Preventive Medicine Program and of the Food
Safety Research Program at Iowa State University. Frequently invited to serve the World Health
Organization (WHO), he has participated in 3 Expert Committee meetings, 8 Expert Consulta
tions, and 14 international assignments. He is currently a member of the WHO Expert Panel on
Zoonoses and Director of the WHO-Iowa State University Collaborating Center for Risk As
sessment and Hazard Intervention in Foods of Animal Origin. In 1993 he received the Karl F.
Meyer Gold-Headed Cane Award for excellence in epidemiology from the American Veterinary
Epidemiology Society.
Dr. Beran is author or co-author of 176 scientific publications, 17 chapters in scientific books,
and 2 monographs. During the period 1987-1993, he made 321 presentations at 512 scientific
meetings, 44 of which were international meetings.
James H. Steele, D.V. M., M.P.H., Consulting Editor, received his D.V.M. degree from Mich
igan State University in 1941, then went on to earn a M.P.H. degree from Harvard University.
Dr. Steele was commissioned in the Public Health Service in 1941. He established the Veterinary
Public Health Division of the Centers for Disease Control and served as its Chief Veterinary
Officer from 1951-1971. He was Assistant Surgeon General for Veterinary Affairs, U.S. Public
Health Service, 1965-1971. Dr. Steele joined the faculty of The University of Texas (UT) School
of Public Health in 1971. During his stint there he founded and edited the CRC Handbook Series
on 7.oonoses (eight volumes), the world's most definitive and comprehensive treatise on the
zoonotic class of diseases. Dr. Steele retired from UT in 1983 but continued to teach part-time
as a Professor Emeritus.
During his career, Dr. Steele has consulted with dozens of countries on every continent, the
World Health Organization, the Pan American Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture
Organization, the World Bank, the Inter-American Bank, and the Agency for International De
velopment, to promote public health through the prevention of zoonotic and foodbome disease.
From 1969-1989 he served on the President's Commission on Consumer Affairs.
Dr. Steele is author of over 150 scientific publications and has contributed to several books.
He has served on the editorial boards of over a dozen leading medical journals and has been a
visiting professor at many major universities. He founded the American Board of Veterinary
Public Health, the American Veterinary Epidemiology Society, and the World Veterinary Epi
demiology Society. He has received numerous honors and awards. His most prized honor is the
Karl F. Meyer Gold-Headed Cane Award which he received in 1966 for excellence in epidemi
ology. Dr. James H. Steele is truly the modem-day "Father of One Medicine" wherein complex
interactions among humans, animals, and invertebrates are taken into consideration with respect
to disease processes. He has conceptualized and promoted the field of Veterinary Public Health
which has revolutionized the way all medical professionals should study and understand the
ecology of disease.
SECTION EDITORS
Abram S. Benenson, M.D., Editor for Human Diseases, received his A.B. and M.D. degrees
from Cornell University. After internships in New York City, he entered the U.S. Army in 1940
and served as laboratory director, hospital commander, epidemiologist, and researcher, and retired
as Director, Division of Communicable Diseases and Immunology, Walter Reed Army Institute
of Research, in 1962. He has directed research on local diseases in Puerto Rico, East Pakistan
(now Bangladesh), and Panama as well as within the United States. He was head of the Division
of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University,
and became Emeritus Professor in October 1992.
David W. Dreesen, D.V .M., M.P.V .M., Editor for Foodborne Zoonoses, received the D.V.M.
degree from the University of Georgia and his M.P.V.M. degree from the University of California
at Davis. He is a diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, with
specialization in epidemiology. Dr. Dreesen is a past president of the American Association of
Food Hygiene Veterinarians, and is a member of the National Advisory Committee on Micro
biological Criteria for Foods and of the Food Safety Network of the Animal Health Institute;
Third Party Expert List. He was chair of the Council on Public Health and Regulatory Veterinary
Medicine of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1991-1992. He is Project Director
for the Advanced Training in Science and Technology IO-month training program for USDA
Food Safety and Inspection Service personnel held at the University of Georgia, 1984--1993. Dr.
Dreesen is author of over 70 research publications on foodborne diseases, rabies and other
zoonoses.
Michael Torten, D.V.M., Ph.D., Editor for Spirochetal Zoonoses and for Retroviral Diseases,
is currently a Research Virologist in the Department of Medicine Epidemiology, School of Vet
erinary Medicine, University of California at Davis. He is also Professor of Veterinary Microbi
ology, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot Israel. Dr. Torten was
a member of the Department of Epidemiology, Israel Institute for Biological Research from 1965
to 1990. He graduated in 1963 from UC Davis with a D.V.M. and obtained his Ph.D. in Micro
biology in 1968 from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is a member of the WHO/FAO
expert committee on leptospirosis as well as a member of the subcommittee on the taxonomy of
leptospirae of the ICSB. In addition to his expertise in spirochetes, he is currently engaged in
research on the pathogenesis of various animal lentiviruses. Dr. Torten is a member of national
and international associations in the fields of veterinary medicine, microbiology, and immunology.
He is also a member of the Phi Zeta honorary society, an honorary diplomate of American
Veterinary Epidemiology Society, and the recipient of an honorary award for valuable contri
butions to Veterinary Medicine in Israel. Dr. Torten has publish~d more than 100 scientific
research papers and served as Editor-in-Chief of the Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine.
Miodrag Ristic, D.V .M., Ph.D., Editor for Rickettsial Diseases, received the D.V.M. from
the University of Munich and a Ph.D. from the University of Illinois. His major research interests
are in biology, immunopathology, protective immunity, and diagnosis of leukocytic and erytho
cytic blood diseases of human beings and animals. His career associations have been with the
University of Florida and the University of Illinois. Among many scientific accomplishments, Dr.
Ristic and his team achieved the first in vitro cultivation of rickettsial Ehrlichia canis and pro
tozoan Babesia bovis, and they were the first to isolate the causative agent of Potomac horse
fever, which in his honor was named Ehrlichia risticii. Dr. Ristic is author and co-author of more
than 400 scientific papers, contributor to 43 scientific books and editor of nine books. He has
guided more than 50 graduate students from various part of the world to completion of their M.S.
and Ph.D. degrees. Dr. Ristic is the recipient of many awards and recognitions for his contributions
to human and animal health.
Allan C. Pier, D.V.M., Ph.D., Editor for Mycotic Diseases, received the D.V.M. and Ph.D.
degrees from the University of California. He served as Chief of Bacteriological and Mycological
Research Laboratories, National Animal Disease Center, and Collaborating Professor of Veteri
nary Microbiology (Medical Mycology) and Graduate Professor of Immunobiology, Iowa State
University, 1964-1981. He was Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology and Veterinary
Medicine, University of Wyoming, and Director, Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, 1981-
1985, where he continued on the faculty from 1985-1993. He also taught courses in veterinary
and medical mycology at the University of California, Davis and Colorado State University. Dr.
Pier is a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Microbiologists and was chair of the
Board of Governors, 1976--1977. He is an internationally recognized authority in medical my
cology and mycotoxicology, serving on three National Academy of Science committees and the
World Health Organization/International Society of Human and Animal Mycology committee on
immunization for zoonotic fungal infections. He has published over 130 scientific articles and
text chapters, delivered 30 scientific papers at international symposia and served on the scientific
review boards of the American Journal of Veterinary Research and the Journal of Clinical
Microbiology.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The concept of a multivolume, definitive reference on the zoonotic diseases of the world was
initiated by Dr. James H. Steele. The Handbook Series in Z.Oonoses, the product of Dr. Steele's
organizing and editing, was written by eminent researchers in zoonotic disease worldwide. Pub
lished by CRC Press between 1979 and 1984, the eight-volume work is in medical and veterinary
libraries and on desks on all continents. It is now through Dr. Steele's impetus that a second
edition has been prepared: 116 scientists have written chapters on bacterial, rickettsial, chlamydia!,
mycotic, and viral zoonoses for this edition. There are 30 authors of chapters in the first edition
who again share their significant knowledge of zoonotic diseases in the second edition, and this
is continuingly acknowledged. Ten authors in the first edition have died since preparing that
contribution: Dr. R. A. Bankowski (who died subsequent to co-authoring the chapter on Calici
virus infections for the second edition), Dr. Allan Barnes (who died while co-authoring the chapter
on plague for the second edition), Dr. W. K. Butterfield, Dr. Carl Eklund, Dr. Oscar Felsenfeld,
Dr. H. D. Knight, Dr. James A. McComb, Dr. Charles Phillips, Dr. C. E. Gordon Smith, and Dr.
Glenn Snoeyenbos (who died subsequent to authoring the chapter on Avian salmonellosis for the
second edition). They leave great voids in our teamwork in zoonosis control which will not be
refilled. Others who wrote significant chapters for the first edition are now retired or are no longer
active in the field; for their significant contributions, on which we continue to build, we are
grateful. The 86 new authors for the second edition represent new international expertise in the
zoonoses-from zoonoses of long standing to newly emerging ones-and we heartily acknowl
edge their contributions.
For those who have participated in selecting the panel of authors invited to write this second
edition, their expertise has been well utilized: Dr. Willy Burgdorfer, Rocky Mountain Laboratory,
National Institutes of Health (retired); Dr. William Hardy, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center, New York; Dr. Arnold Kaufman, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta; Dr. Georgi Ko
romyslov, All-Union Institute for Experimental Veterinary Medicine, Moscow, Russia; Dr. Louis
Lockie, University of Wisconsin; Dr. Harley Moon, National Animal Disease Center; Dr. Robert
Nervig, National Veterinary Services Laboratory; Dr. Morris Potter, Centers for Disease Control,
Atlanta; Dr. Julius Schacter, George Williams Hooper Foundation, University of California; and
Dr. W. G. Winkler, Centers for Disease Control (retired).
The contributions of the special section editors, many of whom have also authored chapters,
have been especially significant: Dr. Abram S. Benenson has reviewed the human disease section
for each chapter; Dr. Theodore F.Tsai was teamed with each author on arboviral zoonoses from
invitation to completion; Dr. David Dreesen participated in the new section on foodbome zoonoses
for the second edition; Dr. Michael Torten participated in the section on spirochetal zoonoses
while authoring the chapter on leptospirosis and participated in the section on his new field of
investigation, the retroviridae, while authoring the chapter on infections caused by lentivirinae;
Dr. Miodrag Ristic participated in the section on rickettsial zoonoses while authoring the chapter
on ehrlichiosis; Dr. Allan Pier participated in the section on mycotic zoonoses while authoring
the chapter on superficial mycoses and co-authoring the chapter on mycotoxicoses; and Dr. Frank
Fenner participated in the section on DNA viral zoonoses while authoring the chapter on poxviral
zoonoses.
Ms. Janet Beer worked with every author in the preparation of each chapter, assisting in
formatting text and tables, structure, and style. With competence and dedication she has helped
to bring diverse contributions into a unified whole.
Appreciation is further expressed for the support and affection of my wife, Dr. Janice A. Beran,
and my family, and for my colleagues and graduate students in the College of Veterinary Medicine
at Iowa State University who willingly or unknowingly carried responsibilities that made it pos
sible to create this second edition of the Handbook Series in Z.Oonoses. Thanks also to CRC Press,
Boca Raton, FL for making this up-to-date understanding of the zoonoses available to the health
care community of the world.
EDITORS
George W. Beran, D.V .M., Ph.D., L.H.D. David W. Dreesen, D.V .M., M.P.V .M.
Editor-in Chief Editor for Foodbome Z.Oonoses
Distinguished Professor of Veterinary Professor of Medical Microbiology
Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine
Iowa State University University of Georgia
Ames, Iowa 50011 Athens, Georgia 30602
James H. Steele, D.V .M., M.P .H. Miodrag Ristic, D. V. M., Ph.D.
Consulting Editor Editor for Rickettsial Diseases
Assistant Surgeon General (retired) Professor Emeritus, Department of
U.S. Public Health Service Pathobiology
Professor Emeritus of Environmental Health College of Veterinary Medicine
Center for Infectious Diseases University of Illinois
University of Texas Urbana, Illinois 61801
Houston, Texas 77030
Allan C. Pier, D.V .M., Ph.D.
Abram S. Benenson, M.D. Editor for Mycotic Z.Oonoses
Editor for Human Diseases Professor Emeritus of Veterinary Medicine
Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of Wyoming
Graduate School of Public Health Laramie, Wyoming 82070
San Diego State University
San Diego, California 92182
Michael Torten, D.V .M., Ph.D.
Editor for Spirochetal Z.Oonoses and
Retroviral Diseases
Research Virologist
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California at Davis
Davis, California 95616 and
Professor of Veterinary Microbiology
The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine
The Hebrew University
Rehovot, Israel
CONTRIBUTORS
Libero Ajello, Ph.D. Don Franco, D.V.M., M.P.H.
Department of Ophthalmology National Renderers Association
Emory University School of Medicine 801 N. Fairfax St., Suite 207
Atlanta, Georgia 30322 Alexandria, Virginia 22314
Allan M. Barnes, Ph.D.* Wilhelm Frederiksen
Department of Clinical Microbiology
Magne Bisgaard Statens Seruminstitut
Department of Veterinary Microbiology Artillerivej 5, DK-2300
Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Copenhagen S, Denmark
Biilowsvej 13, DK-1870
Frederiksberg C, Denmark Peter Gallien, Dr. habil.
Robert von Ostertag-lnstitut in
David K. Blackmore, C.B.E., Ph.D., D.SC., Bundesgesundheitsamt
F.R.V.C.S. Diedersdorfer Weg 1
Department of Veterinary Pathology and D-12277 Berlin, Germany
Public Health
Faculty of Veterinary Science Jennifer L. Greenier, M.S.
Massey University Department of Microbiology and
Palmerston North, New Zealand Immunology
University of California-Davis
Keith A. Clark, D.V.M., Ph.D. Davis, California 95616
Bureau of Veterinary Public Health
Texas Department of Health James E. Grimes, Ph.D.
Austin, Texas 78756 Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic
Laboratory
David T. Dennis, M.D., M.P.H. College Station, Texas 77841
Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Michael G. Groves, D.V. M., M.P. H.,
P.O. Box 2087 Ph.D.
Fort Collins, Colorado 80522 Department of Epidemiology and
Community Health
J. Stephen Dumler, M.D. School of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Pathology Louisiana State University
University of Maryland at Baltimore Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-8404
Baltimore, Maryland 21201
Kathleen S. Harrington
Stanley G. Fenwick, B.V. M.S., M.SC., Department of Epidemiology and
M.R.C.V.S. Community Health
Department of Veterinary Pathology and School of Veterinary Medicine
Public Health Louisiana State University
Faculty of Veterinary Science Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-8404
Massey University
Palmerston North, New Zealand
