Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology

621 Pages·2003·8.15 MB·English

by  Duncan Mara

Handbook of Water
and Wastewater
Microbiology
Edited by
Duncan Mara
and
Nigel Horan
School of Civil Engineering,
University of Leeds, UK
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper
Copyrightq2003Elsevier
Allrightsreserved.
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedortransmittedinanyformorbyany
means,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,recording,orany
informationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthe
publisher.
AcademicPress
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AnImprintofElsevier
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http://www.academicpress.com
ISBN0-12-470100-0
LibraryofCongressCatalogNumber:2002114097
BritishLibraryCataloguinginpublicationdata
Handbookofwaterandwastewatermicrobiology
1. Drinkingwater – Microbiology 2. Sewage – Microbiology
I. Mara,Duncan II. Horan,N.J.
628.106
ISBN0-12-470100-0
TypesetbyAldens
PrintedandboundinGreatBritain
03 04 05 06 07 08 BP 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Contributors vii
Preface ix
PART 1: BASIC MICROBIOLOGY
1 Microbial nutrition and basic metabolism 3
E C S Chan
Introduction tomicrobes ofsanitary importance
2 Viruses 37
John Heritage
3 Bacteria 57
EdwardD Schroeder andStefanWuertz
4 Protozoa 69
Nigel Horan
5 Filamentous fungi inwater systems 77
Graham Kinsey, Russell Paterson andJoan Kelley
6 Microbial flora of thegut 99
B S Drasar
7 Faecal indicatororganisms 105
Duncan Mara
8 Detection,enumeration andidentificationof environmental microorganisms
of publichealth significance 113
HowardKator and Martha Rhodes
9 Fundamentals of biological behaviour andwastewater strengthtests 145
M C Wentzel,GeorgeA Ekama and R E Loewenthal
PART 2: WATER ANDEXCRETA-RELATED DISEASES
10 Microorganisms and disease 177
R Morris
11 Unitaryenvironmentalclassificationofwater-andexcreta-relatedcommunicablediseases 185
Duncan Mara andR G AFeachem
12 Emerging waterbornepathogens 193
Debra Huffman, WalterQuintero-BetancourtandJoan Rose
13 Health effects ofwaterconsumption andwaterquality 209
PierrePayment
14 Drinking-water standards for thedeveloping world 221
Jamie Bartram, Guy Howard
iii
iv CONTENTS
15 Controlofpathogenic microorganisms in wastewater recycling andreusein agriculture 241
Hillel Shuval and Badri Fattal
16 Developing risk assessmentsof waterborne microbial contaminations 263
Paul Gale
17 Health constraints on theagriculturalrecycling of wastewater sludges 281
AlanGodfree
18 Effluent dischargestandards 299
David W MJohnstone
PART 3: MICROBIOLOGY OF WASTEWATERTREATMENT
Introduction to microbiological wastewater treatment
19 Fixed film processes 317
Paul Lessardand Yann LeBihan
20 Biofilm formationand its rolein fixed film processes 337
Lu´ıs F Melo
21 Suspended growthprocesses 351
Nigel Horan
22 Protozoaas indicators of wastewater treatment efficiency 361
Paolo Madoni
23 The microbiology of phosphorus removalin activated sludge 373
TE Cloete,M M Ehlers, Jvan Heerden and B Atkinson
24 Anaerobic treatment processes 391
GK Anderson, P JSallis andS Uyanik
25 The Nitrogen cycle and its applicationin wastewater treatment 427
Cien Hiet Wong,GeoffW Barton and John P Barford
26 Low-cost treatment systems 441
Duncan Mara
27 Microbial interactions in facultative and maturation ponds 449
Howard Pearson
28 Sulphate-reducing bacteria 459
Oliver JHao
Behaviourof pathogensin wastewater treatment processes
29 Viruses in faeces 473
John Oragui
30 Bacterial pathogen removal fromwastewater treatment plants 477
Tom Curtis
31 Fate and behaviourofparasites in wastewater treatment systems 491
Rebecca Stott
Problemsin wastewater treatment processes
32 Activated sludge bulking and foaming: microbes andmyths 525
R JFoot and M S Robinson
33 Odourgeneration 545
Arthur G Boon andAlison JVincent
34 Recalcitrant organiccompounds 559
JS Knapp and K C ABromley-Challenor
35 Heavy metals in wastewater treatment processes 597
JBinkley and JASimpson
CONTENTS v
PART 4: DRINKING WATER MICROBIOLOGY
36 Surface waters 611
Huw Taylor
37 Storedwater (rainjars and raintanks) 627
John Pinfold
38 Coagulation and filtration 633
CarolineS Fitzpatrick and John Gregory
39 Microbial responseto disinfectants 657
Jordi Morato´,JaumeMir, Francisc Codony,JordiMas andFerran Ribas
40 Giardia and Cryptosporidiumin water and wastewater 695
HV Smith and AM Grimason
41 Biofilms in waterdistribution systems 757
Charmain JKerr,KeithS Osborn, Alex HRickard, GeoffDRobson andPauline SHandley
42 Taste and odour problems inpotable water 777
EstherOrtenbergand Benjamin Teltsch
Useful Websites 795
Index 797
This Page is Intentionally Left Blank
Contributors
GK Anderson University ofNewcastleupon John Gregory University College London, UK
Tyne,UK AM Grimason Stobhill Hospital, and Univer-
J PArbord Hong Kong Universityof Science sity of Strathclyde, Glasgow,UK
and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong Pauline S Handley University ofManchester,
BAtkinsonTechnikonofNatal,Durban,South UK
Africa Oliver JHao University of Maryland, USA
J P Barford Hong Kong University of Science John HeritageUniversity of Leeds, UK
and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong NigelHoran University of Leeds, UK
(SAR) China Guy HowardLoughboroughUniversity, UK
GW BartonUniversity of Sydney, Australia DebraEHuffmanUniversityofSouthFlorida,
Jamie Bartram World Health Organization, USA
Geneva, Switzerland David WM Johnstone Swindon, UK
John BinkleyProduct Designand Develop- HowardKator College of William andMary,
ment, BoltonInstitute, UK Virginia,USA
ArthurG Boon Halcrow Water, Crawley, UK Joan Kelley CABI Bioscience,Surrey, UK
KC ABromley-Challenor Department of Charmain J Kerr United Utilities, Warrington,
Microbiology, University of Leeds, UK UK
ECSChanMcGillUniversity,Quebec,Canada GrahamKinsey CABI Bioscience,Surrey, UK
T E CloeteUniversity of Pretoria,Transvaal, J S Knapp Department of Microbiology,
South Africa University of Leeds, UK
FransciscCodonyUniversitatAuto`noma de Yann Le Bihan Universite´ Laval, Que´bec,
Barcelona,Spain Canada
Tom Curtis Universityof Newcastle, New- Paul Lessard Universite´ Laval,Que´bec,
castle upon Tyne,UK Canada
B S DrasarLondonSchool ofHygiene and RE LoewenthalUniversity of Cape Town,
TropicalMedicine, London, UK South Africa
M M Ehlers University of Pretoria, Transvaal, Paolo MadoniUniversita di Parma, Italy
South Africa DD Mara University ofLeeds,UK
GA Ekama University of Cape Town, South J MasUniversitat Auto`noma de Barcelona,
Africa Spain
Badri FattalThe HebrewUniversity of Jerusa- Luı´s F MeloUniversity of Porto, Portugal
lem, Israel J Mir Universitat Polite`cnica de Catalunya,
RG AFeachem GlobalFund to FightAIDS, Barcelona,Spain
Geneva-Cointrin,Switzerland JMorato´ UniversitatPolite`cnicadeCatalunya,
Caroline S Fitzpatrick University College Barcelona,Spain
London,UK RMorris ConsultantEnvironmental Biologist,
RJ Foot Wessex Water, UK Leicestershire,UK
Paul Gale WRC-NSF, Marlow, UK Peter Murchie USEPA, Chicago, USA
AGodfreeNorthWestWaterLtd,Warrington, John Oragui Harefield Hospital, Harefield,
UK Middlesex, UK
vii
viii CONTRIBUTORS
Esther Ortenberg Israel Ministry ofHealth, PJ Sallis University of Newcastle upon Tyne,
Tel-Aviv, Israel UK
Keith S Osborn United Utilities,Warrington, Edward DSchroederUniversityofCalifornia,
UK California, USA
Russell Paterson CABI Bioscience,Surrey, UK Hillel ShuvalThe HebrewUniversity of
Pierre PaymentINRS-Institut Armand–Frap- Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
pier, Laval, Quebec, Canada JASimpson BoltonInstitute, Bolton, UK
Howard Pearson Federal University of Rio HVSmith StobhillHospital and University
Grande do Norte,Natal, Brazil of Strathclyde,Glasgow, UK
John Pinfold Brighton,UK Rebecca Stott University of Portsmouth,UK
Huw Taylor University ofBrighton,Brighton
Walter Quintero-Betancourt Michigan State
UK
University, EastLansing,USA
Benjamin Teltsch MekorotWater Co, Israel
Martha Rhodes College of Williamand Mary,
SUyanikHarranUniversity,Sanly´urfa,Turkey
Virginia,USA
Jvan Heerden University of Pretoria,
FRibas AGBAR (Sociedad General de Aguas
Transvaal, South Africa
de Barcelona,S.A.),Barcelona, Spain
Alison J Vincent Hyder Consulting,Cardiff,
Alex HRickard University of Manchester,
UK
Manchester, UK
MC Wentzel University of Cape Town, Cape
MS Robinson Wessex Water,UK
Town, SouthAfrica
Geoff DRobson University of Manchester,
CHWong CPGConsultants, Novena Square,
Manchester, UK
Singapore
Joan B Rose Michigan State University, East
Stefan Wuertz University of California,
Lansing, USA
California, USA
Preface
Some 2300 years ago Hippocrates wrote: ‘My whetherfaecalindicatorbacteria – principally
othertopiciswater,andInowwishtogivean coliform bacteria – were present in the disin-
account both about waters that cause disease fected water or not. Zero coliforms, and zero
andaboutthosethatarehealthy,andwhatbad faecal coliforms, quickly became the microbio-
thingsarisefromwaterandwhatgoodthings. logical goal of drinking water quality. No-one
Forwatercontributesverymuchtohealth.’So wouldreallyquestionthegeneralsenseofthis
our appreciation of a relationship between the goal – chlorinate your water and you get zero
water we use and ourhealth has been with us coliforms per 100 ml, so everything’s OK. End
foraverylongtime.Hippocrateswasunlikely of story.
to have been the first person to realise the Life is rarely this simple, and water and
existence of this relationship and we have
wastewater microbiology is no exception.
probablyknownsinceourspeciesevolvedthat
Emerging water-borne pathogens (Cryptospor-
water of adequate quantity and quality is
idium,forexample)requireustohaveadeeper
essentialforour survival andourhealth.
understanding of water microbiology. Opti-
Wenowknow(andhaveknownforjustover
mizing (really, maximizing) microbiological
100 years) that water quality is governed by
wastewater treatment also requires a knowl-
(but,ofcourse,notonlyby)microorganisms –
edge of microbiology greater than that pos-
the viruses, bacteria and parasites that can
sessed by many design engineers. Structural
infectusandmay(andveryoftendo)makeus
engineershaveaprettygoodunderstandingof
ill. Microorganisms are also central to waste-
concrete,forexample – sowhyshouldn’tthose
water treatment and the reuse of treated
who design activated sludge plants or waste
wastewaters – we exploit them to treat our
stabilizationpondshaveanequalappreciation
wastes biologically (actually, microbiologi-
of the microorganisms whose activities are
cally), and we must ensure that pathogenic
essential to the treatment process they are
microorganisms are removed in the treatment
designing?
processestoalevelatwhichtheydonotcause
The purpose of this Handbook is to provide
any excess disease resulting from wastewater
an introduction to modern water and waste-
use inagricultureor aquaculture.
water microbiology, especially for water and
Water disinfection, usually with chlorine,
wastewater engineers. The study of water and
has been practised in many parts of the world
(but regrettably not all) for over 100 years. wastewater microbiology is very rewarding:
Waterchlorinationisaveryefficientprocess:it better water treatment, better wastewater
kills bacteria very quickly (but viruses more treatment, safer wastewater reuse, and thus
slowly, and protozoa such as Giardia and healthierpeople – in allparts of our world.
Cryptosporidium hardly at all). Faecal bacterial
numbers,inparticular,arereducedtozero,and
thus early water engineers judged the quality Duncan Mara
of chlorinated water supplies quite simply on Nigel Horan
ix