Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug Abuse

351 Pages·2005·6.21 MB·English

John Brick, PhD
Editor
Handbook of the Medical
Consequences of Alcohol
and Drug Abuse
Pre-publication
REVIEWS,
COMMENTARIES,
EVALUATIONS . . .
“Thisbookeffectivelyincorporates
“Whethertheyareusedrecreationally theworldliteratureandexpert
oraddictively,alcoholandother opinionsonthemedicaloutcomesof
drugs affect every organ system in the drugandalcoholabuseinoursociety,
humanbody.Advancesinmedicine,tox- offeringinvaluableinformationforall
icology,andepidemiologyhavebeenso health care providers as well as re-
rapidthatperiodicupdatesofthelitera- searchers and forensic investigators.
tureareanabsolutenecessityforthephy- Thecontributorshavethoroughlycov-
sician, the neuroscientist, the student, ered a broad range of topics—from
andtheaddictiontreatmentprofessional. thecommonknowledgebaseofdrug
That’swhatmakesHandbookoftheMedi- effects and drug-induced disease to
calConsequencesofAlcoholandDrugAbuse thelesswell-knownconditionssuch
apleasuretoreadandatreasureonthe asholoprosencephalyinfetalalcohol
bookshelf. John Brick has assembled a syndrome and leukoencephalopathy
very readable guide to the most recent associated with inhaled heroin. In a
evidenceonthemedicalconsequencesof societythatspendsmoreoninterdic-
substanceabuse.Rangingfromtheprac- tion than treatment for drug abuse,
ticaltothetheoretical,thechapterstella this text will assist the development
compellingstoryabouttheburdenofill- oftherecentlyemergingdiseasemodel
nessanddisabilitythatiscausedbysub- ofsubstanceabuseandpavetheway
stance abuse.” for treatment as the medical norm.”
Thomas F. Babor, PhD, MPH Alan Clark, MD
Professor and Chair, Forensic Clinical Analyst and Educator,
Department of Community Medicine, InForum Reviews, LLC,
University of Connecticut Health Center Carthage, Missouri
More pre-publication
REVIEWS, COMMENTARIES, EVALUATIONS . . .
“Society has long understood that “HandbookoftheMedicalConsequen-
use of alcohol and other drugs cesofAlcoholandDrugAbusein-
can have serious negative social, psy- cludesthemostup-to-datefindingson
chological, and medical effects. Hand- alcohol and other abused drugs. This
bookoftheMedicalConsequencesofAlco- bookprovidesahighlyreadablesource
hol and Drug Abuse offers a detailed ofinformationonawiderangeofmed-
overview of how these substances act icalandotherhealthconsequencesfor
on various organs and systems of the physicians and key health profession-
body,andtheresultingacuteandchronic alsatatimewhenmainstreamingtreat-
health effects. Chapters cover alcohol mentofaddictivediseaseisofcritical
and the major drugs of abuse—mari- importance.Thechapterontheneuro-
juana,opiates,cocaineandotherstim- anatomicalandneurobehavioraleffects
ulants,andinhalants.Allchaptersare ofheavyprenatalalcoholexposureisof
thoroughly referenced, providing up- particular importance for both family
to-datereviewsofthesignificantlitera- physicians and pediatricians, present-
ture on their topics. ing much new information on the ef-
Particularlystrongarethechapters fects of prenatal exposure to alcohol
ontheeffectsofalcoholandotherdrugs and other drugs.”
on the brain, providing a microscopic
lookathowdrugsaffectneuronalpath-
David E. Smith, MD
waysandthesubsequentdamagethat President and Medical Director,
canresulttocognitiveandmotorfunc- Haight Ashbury Free Clinics,
tions.Alsoofnote,thechaptersonpre- San Francisco
natal exposure to alcohol and other
drugsexplorethefullspectrumofpo-
tentialphysiologicalanddevelopmen-
taleffects—fromgrowthandmotorco-
ordinationtocognitionandbehavioral
results. This handbook succeeds as a
comprehensive and indispensable ref-
erenceforthescientist,thehealthprac-
titioner,andtheseriousstudentofalco-
hol and drug problems.”
Penny Booth Page, MLS
Director of Information Services,
Rutgers University Center
of Alcohol Studies,
Piscataway, New Jersey
NOTES FOR PROFESSIONAL LIBRARIANS
AND LIBRARY USERS
This is an original book title published by The Haworth Press, Inc.
Unlessotherwisenotedinspecificchapterswithattribution,materials
inthisbookhavenotbeenpreviouslypublishedelsewhereinanyfor-
mat or language.
CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION NOTES
AllbookspublishedbyTheHaworthPress,Inc.anditsimprintsare
printedoncertifiedpHneutral,acidfreebookgradepaper.Thispaper
meetstheminimumrequirementsofAmericanNationalStandardfor
Information Sciences-Permanence of Paper for Printed Material,
ANSI Z39.48-1984.
Handbook of the Medical
Consequences of Alcohol
and Drug Abuse
THE HAWORTH PRESS
Contemporary Issues in Neuropharmacology
John Brick, PhD, MA, FAPA
Senior Editor
Handbook of the Medical Consequences of Alcohol and Drug
Abuseedited by John Brick
Other titles of related interest:
Drug Abuse and Social Policy in America: The War That Must Be
Wonby Barry Stimmel
Pain and Its Relief Without Addiction: Clinical Issues in the Use
of Opioids and Other Analgesicsby Barry Stimmel
Drugs, the Brain, and Behavior: The Pharmacology of Abuse
and Dependenceby John Brick and Carlton K. Erikson
The Love Drug: Marching to the Beat of Ecstasyby Richard S.
Cohen
Alcoholism, Drug Addiction, and the Road to Recovery: Life
on the Edgeby Barry Stimmel
The Group Therapy of Substance Abuseedited by David W. Brook
and Henry I. Spitz
Handbook of the Medical
Consequences of Alcohol
and Drug Abuse
John Brick, PhD
Editor
The Haworth Press®
New York • London • Oxford
©2004byTheHaworthPress,Inc.Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisworkmaybereproducedor
utilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopying,microfilm,
andrecording,orbyanyinformationstorageandretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwriting
from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
The Haworth Press, Inc., 10 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY 13904-1580.
PUBLISHER’S NOTE:
Thisbookhasbeenpublishedsolelyforeducationalpurposesandisnotintendedtosubstitute
forthemedicaladviceofatreatingphysician.Medicineisanever-changingscience.Asnew
researchandclinicalexperiencebroadenourknowledge,changesintreatmentmayberequired.
Whilemanypotentialtreatmentoptionsaremadeherein,someoralloftheoptionsmaynotbe
applicabletoaparticularindividual.Therefore,theauthor,editor,andpublisherdonotaccept
responsibility in the event of negative consequences incurred as a result of the information
presentedinthisbook.Wedonotclaimthatthisinformationisnecessarilyaccuratebytherigid
scientific and regulatory standards applied for medical treatment. No Warranty, Express or
Implied,isfurnishedwithrespecttothematerialcontainedinthisbook.Thereaderisurged
to consult with his/her personal physician with respect to the treatment of any medical
condition.
Cover design by Lora Wiggins.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of the medical consequences of alcohol and drug abuse / John Brick, editor.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7890-1863-2 (hc : alk. paper)—ISBN 0-7890-1864-0 (sc : alk. paper)
1. Substance abuse—Pathophysiology—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Brick, John, 1950-
RC564 .H3585 2003
616.86—dc21
2002015168
CONTENTS
About the Editor ix
Contributors xi
Foreword xiii
Carlton K. Erickson
Preface xvii
Chapter 1. Characteristics of Alcohol: Chemistry, Use,
and Abuse 1
John Brick
What Is Alcohol? 1
Scientific Notation for Alcohol Concentrations 3
Defining Alcohol Use 4
Chapter 2. Medical Consequences of Alcohol Abuse 7
John Brick
Overview 7
Alcohol and Accidental Injuries 7
Alcohol and the Skeletal System 13
Cancers 18
Alcohol-Induced Pancreatic Injury 20
Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury 20
Cardiovascular Diseases 25
Conclusions 31
Chapter 3. The Neuropsychological Consequences
of Alcohol and Drug Abuse 49
Rosemarie Scolaro Moser
Corinne E. Frantz
Overview 49
Brain Impairment and Alcohol Abuse 50
Brain Impairment and Illicit Drug Abuse 62
Summary 75
Chapter 4. Effects of Alcohol Abuse on the Brain 85
Fulton T. Crews
Overview 85
Ethanol Effects on Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels 86
Ethanol Effects on GABA /Benzodiazepine Receptors 94
A
Changes in NMDA and GABA Receptors During
A
Chronic Alcohol Abuse and Withdrawal 98
Brain Damage in Alcoholics 104
Summary 116
Chapter 5. Neuroanatomical and Neurobehavioral
Effects of Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure 139
Tara S. Wass
Sarah N. Mattson
Edward P. Riley
Overview 139
Autopsy Studies 141
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies 143
Other Studies 150
Neurobehavioral Effects 152
Summary and Discussion 161
Chapter 6. Health Consequences of Marijuana Use 171
Alan J. Budney
Brent A. Moore
Ryan Vandrey
Respiratory System 173
Immune System 176
Cardiovascular System 177
Reproductive Function 178
Psychological Consequences 180
Cognitive Effects 184
Medical Marijuana 196
Conclusions 200