Handbook of Substance Abuse: Neurobehavioral Pharmacology

581 Pages·1998·19.51 MB·English

by  Ralph E. Tarter (auth.)

Handbookof
Substance Abuse
Neurobehavioral Pharmacology
Handbookof
Substance Abuse
N eurobehavioral Pharmacology
Editedby
RALPH E. TARTER
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
ROBERT T. AMMERMAN
A/legheny University of the Health Sciences
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
and
PEGGYJ.OTT
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Llbrary of Congress Cataloglng-ln-Publlcatlon Data
Handbook of substanee abuse neurobehavioral pharmaeology / edited by
Ralph E. Tarter, Robert T. Am.erman, and Peggy J. Ott.
p. em.
Ineludes bibl iographieal referenees and index.
ISBN 978-1-4419-3297-6 ISBN 978-1-4757-2913-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-2913-9
1. Substanee abuse--Treatment--Handbooks, manuals, etc.
2. Neuropsyehopharmacology--Handbooks, manuals, etc. 1. Tarter,
Ralph E. II. Ammerman, Robert T. III. Ott, Peggy J.
RC564.15.H36 1998
616.86'06--de21 98-36286
CIP
ISBN 978-1-4419-3297-6
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1998
http://www.plenum.com
10 9 8 76 5 4 32 1
Ali rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise,
without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
Shana Bacal • UCLA-VAMC Laboratory M. Elena Denison • UCLA-VAMC Labo
for the Study of Addictions, Los Angeles, Cal ratory for the Study of Addictions, Los Ange
ifornia 90073 les, California 90073
Marsha E. Bates • Center of Alcohol Stephen H. Dinwiddie • Department of
Studies, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Psychiatry, Finch University of HeaIth Sci
Jersey 08855 ences, The Chicago Medical SchooI, North
Chicago, Illinois 60064
Ann Bordwine Beeder • Cornell Univer
sity Medical College, New York, New York Mauro G. Di Pasquale • Department of
10036 Physical and HeaIth Education, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Canada KOK 3KO
Neal L. Benowitz • Departments of
Eric B. Evans • National Starch and Chem
Medicine, Psychiatry, and Biopharmaceutical
ical Company, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807
Science, University of California at San Fran
cisco, San Francisco, California 94143
Suzette M. Evans • The New York State
Psychiatrie Institute, New York, New York 10032
Lisa Borg • Laboratory on the Biology of
Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller Univer
Forrest J. Files • Department of Physiol
sity, NewYork, NewYork 10021
ogy and Pharmacology, Wake Forest Univer
sity School of Medicine, Winston-Salem,
Janet Brigham • SRI International, Menlo
North Carolina 27157
Park, California 94025
Joanna S. Fowler • Chemistry Depart
Marilyn E. Carroll • Department of Psy
ment, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton,
chiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,
New York 11973
Minnesota 55455
S. John Gatley • Medical Department,
Erminio Costa • Department of Psychia Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New
try, The University of Illinois at Chicago, York 11973
Chicago, IlIinois 60612
Frank H. Gawin • UCLA-VAMC Labora
John W. Daly • National Institutes of tory for the Study of Addictions, Los Angeles,
HeaIth, Bethesda, Maryland 20892 California 90073
Harriet de Wit • Department of Psychia A. James Giannini • Department of Psy
try, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois chiatry, The Ohio State University, Columbus,
60637 Ohio 43210
v
vi CONTRIBUTORS
Andrew N. Gifford • Medical Department, Debra L. Klamen • Department of Psy
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New chiatry, The University of Illinois at Chicago,
York 11973 Chicago, Illinois 60612
Richard A. Glennon • Department of Mary Jeanne Kreek • Laboratory on the
Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rocke
University, Richmond, Virginia 23298 feller University, New York, New York 10021
Mark S. Gold • University of Florida Christopher S. Martin University of
Brain Institute, Gainesville, Florida 32610 Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Penn
sylvania 15213
David E. Hartman • Isaac Ray Center,
Rush Presbyterian St. Luke's Hospital, Chicago,
Una D. McCann • National Institute of
Illinois 60612
Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
Catherine A. Hayes • Department of Psy
Melissa Mertl • National Institute ofMen
chiatry and Human Behavior, The University
tal Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mis
sissippi 39216
Norman S. Miller • Department of Psy
chiatry, The University of Illinois at Chicago,
Stephen T. Higgins • Departments of Psy
Chicago, Illinois 60612
chiatry and Psychology, University of Ver
mont, Burlington, Vermont 05401
Robert B. Millman • Cornell University
Medical College, New York, New York 10036
Allyn C. Howlett • Saint Louis University
School ofMedicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
Nancy K. Morrison • Department of Psy
chiatry, The University ofNew Mexico, Albu
Walter A. Hunt • National Institute on Al
querque, New Mexico 87131
cohol Abuse and A1coholism, Neurosciences
and Behavioral Research Branch, Bethesda,
Alfonso Paredes • UCLA-VAMC Labora
Maryland 20892-7003
tory for the Study of Addictions, Los Angeles,
California 90073
Christopher R. Johnson • Department of
Psychiatry, Baylor University, Houston, Texas
Kenneth A. Perkins • Department of Psy
77030
chiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of
Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
Angela Justice • Department ofPsychiatry,
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinios 60637
Bruce Phariss • Cornell University Med
Andrea C. King • Laboratory of the Biol ical College, New York, New York 10036
ogy of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller
University, New York, New York 10021; pres George V. Rebec • Program in Neural Sci
ent address: Department of Psychiatry, The ence, Department ofPsychology, Indiana Uni
University ofChicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 versity, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
Jeffrey M. Kirk • Department of Psychia George A. Ricaurte • Department of Neu
try, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois rology, The Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical
60637 Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224
CONTRIBUTORS vii
Craig R. Rush • Department of Pharma and Center for Education and Drug Abuse Re
cology and Toxicology, The University ofMis search, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-2593
sissippi Medical Center, lackson, Mississippi
39216 Nora D. Volkow • Medical Department,
Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New
Herman H. Samson • Department ofPhys York 11973
iology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest Univer
sity School ofMedicine, Winston-Salem, North Elzbieta P. Wala • Department of Anes
Carolina 27157 thesiology, University of Kentucky College of
Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
Richard B. Seymour • Haight-Ashbwy Free
Medical Clinic, San Francisco, California 94117
Ellen A. Walker • Department of Psychol-
Jew e 11 W.• SI oan· D epa rt men t 0 fA nes th e- ogy, University of North Carolina at Chapel
siology, University of Kentucky College of Hili, Chapel HilI, North Carolina 27599
Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky 40536
Sharon L. Walsh • Behavioral Pharmacol-
ogy Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry
David E. Smith • Haight-Ashbury Free
and Behavioral Sciences, lohns Hopkins Uni
Medical Clinic, San Francisco, California 94117
versity School of Medicine, Baltimore, Mary
Wesley Sowers • Center for Addictions land 21224
Services, St. Francis Medical Center, and
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pitts Timothy E. Wilens • Psychopharmacol
burgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl ogy Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital,
vania 15201 Boston, Massachusetts 02114; and Depart
ment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School,
Thomas J. Spencer • Psychopharmacol Boston, Massachusetts 02114
ogy Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Boston, Massachusetts 02114; and Depart Stephen A. Wyatt • Department of Psychi
ment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, atry, Yale University School of Medicine, New
Boston, Massachusetts 02114 Haven, Connecticut 06519
Maxine Stitzer • Department ofPsychiatry, James P. Zacny • Department of Anesthe
Division of Behavioral Biology, lohns Hopkins sia and Critical Care, The University of
University, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
Ralph E. Tarter • Western Psychiatric In Douglas Ziedonis • Department ofPsychi
stitute and Clinic and Department of Psychia atry, Yale University School ofMedicine, New
try, University of Pittsburgh Medical School Haven, Connecticut 06519
Preface
The manifold problems caused by addictive ing of knowledge of substance abuse pharma
drugs are ubiquitous in society. Violence, in cology for basic science researchers.
fection, suicide, chronic diseases, crime, trau Numerous reasons point to the need for a
matic injury, psychosocial maladjustment, and volume linking pharmacology and clinical re
fetal injury are well-recognized sequelae ofha search in the substance use disorders. For exam
bitual drug use. These outcomes are the culmi pie, widening acceptance of pharmacotherapy
nation of a host of complex interacting factors for the treatment of addiction underscores the
that predispose to and are concomitant with importance of comprehending the actions of
drug consumption. Marijuana hybrids, purified abusable drugs in clinical practice. Pharmaco
cocaine, synthetically manufactured "de logical research also has important social policy
signer" drugs, and novel drug combinations ramifications, as illustrated most poignantly by
comprise an ever expanding pharmacopoeia of research on the addictive properties of nicotine.
increasingly potent licit and illicit compounds We hope that this compendium will further cat
that have addictive potential. alyze investigations directed at integrating phar
To discem the etiological factors underlying macological and psychosocial processes for
the substance use disorders and their associated understanding the etiology and treatment of the
health and psychosocial outcomes, it is neces substance use disorders.
sary to understand the biobehavioral actions and The editors express their appreciation to the
clinical correlates of psychoactive drugs that contributors for their timely and authoritative
have abuse and addiction potential. Pharmaco articles. Patricia Park's dedication and initia
logical research provides the foundation for de tive in assisting in all phases of this effort are
lineating the causes and natural history of the gratefully recognized.
substance use disorders. This book reviews the Finally, we wish to acknowledge our col
neuropharmacology, behavioral pharmacology, leagues at the Center for Education and Drug
and clinical pharmacology of the compounds Abuse Research (CEDAR), a NIDA-funded
that are recognized to induce an abuse or depen center on the etiology of adolescent substance
dence disorder. Each ofthe sections ofthis book abuse. Indeed, this volume was, in part, an out
corresponds to a drug class featured in the growth of the stimulating interchanges among
fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical CEDAR faculty.
Manual 0/ Mental Disorders (American Psychi
atric Association, 1994). This format enables the
book to be used as a reference for practitioners Ralph E. Tarter, Ph.D.
and clinical researchers in substance abuse and Robert T. Ammerman, Ph.D.
provides in one volume a comprehensive updat- Peggy J. Ott, Ph.D.
ix
Contents
Introduction: Defining Drugs of Abuse
RALPH E. TARTER
I. Alcohol
I. Pharmacology of Alcohol 7
WALTER A. HUNT
2. Behavioral Pharmacology of Alcohol 23
HERMAN H. SAMSON AND FORREST 1. FILES
3. Psychological and Psychiatrie Consequences of Alcohol 33
CHRISTOPHER S. MARTIN AND MARSHA E. BATES
11. Caffeine
4. Pharmacology of Caffeine 53
JOHN W. DALY
5. Behavioral Pharmacology of Caffeine 69
SUZETTE M. EVANS
6. Psychological and Psychiatrie Consequences of Caffeine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
MARILYN E. CARROLL
111. Cannabis
7. Pharmacology ofCannabis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
AUYN C. HOWLETT
xi
xii CONTENTS
8. Behavioral Phannacology of Cannabinoids .............................. 131
HARRlET DE WIT, JEFFREY M. KIRK, AND ANGELA JUSTICE
9. Psychological and Psychiatrie Consequences of Cannabis 147
BRUCE PHARISS, ROBERT B. MILLMAN, AND ANN BORDWINE BEEDER
IV. Cocaine
10. Phannacology of Cocaine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
S. JOHN GATLEY, ANDREW N. GIFFORD, NORA D. VOLKOW, AND JOANNA S. FOWLER
11. Behavioral Phannacology of Cocaine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
SHARON L. WALSH
12. Psychological and Psychiatrie Consequences of Cocaine 201
M. ELENA DENISON, ALFONSO PAREDES, SHANA BACAL, AND FRANK H. GAWIN
V. Hallucinogens
13. Phannacology of Hallucinogens 217
RICHARD A. GLENNON
14. Behavioral Pharmacology of Hallucinogens 229
NANCY K. MORRISON
15. Psychological and Psychiatrie Consequences of Hallucinogens 241
RICHARD B. SEYMOUR AND DAVID E. SMITH
VI. Inhalants
16. Phannacology of Inhalants 255
ERIC B. EVANS
17. Behavioral Phannacology of Inhalants 263
DAVID E. HARTMAN
18. Psychological and Psychiatrie Consequences of Inhalants 269
STEPHEN H. DINWIDDIE
CONTENTS xiii
VII. Nicotine
19. Pharmacology of Nicotine 283
NEAL L. BENOWITZ
20. Behavioral Pharmacology ofNicotine 299
KENNETH A. PERKINS AND MAXINE STITZER
21. Psychological and Psychiatrie Consequences ofNicotine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
JANET BRIGHAM
VIII. Opiates
22. Pharmacology of Opiates ............................................ 331
LISA BORG AND MARY JEANNE KREEK
23. Behavioral Pharmacology of Opiates 343
JAMES P. ZACNY AND ELLEN A. WALKER
24. Psychological and Psychiatrie Consequences of Opiates 363
MARK S. GOLD AND CHRISTOPHER R. JOHNSON
25. Medications of Abuse: Opioids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
ANDREA C. KING AND NORMAN S. MILLER
IX. Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics
26. Pharmacology of Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics 395
JEWELL W SLOAN AND ELZBIETA P. WALA
27. Behavioral Pharmacology of Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics 435
CRAIG R. RusH, CATHERINE A. HAYES, AND STEPHEN T. HIGGINS
28. Psychological and Psychiatrie Consequences of Sedatives, Hypnotics,
and Anxiolytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
WESLEY SOWERS
29. Medications of Abuse and Addiction: Benzodiazepines
and Other Sedatives/Hypnotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
NORMAN S. MILLER, DEBRA L. KLAMEN, AND ERMINlo COSTA