Table Of ContentA Handbook of Spatial Research
Paradigms and Methodologies
Volume 2: Clinical and Comparative Studies
edited by
Nigel Foreman and Raphael Gillett
Department of Psychology
University of Leicester; UK
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~~~~~~~~;?c~Xr Press
HOVE AND NEW YORK
234x156 HB
Copyright © 1998 by Psychology Press
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ISBN 978-0-86377-807-0
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Contents
List of Contributors ix
General Introduction 1
Nigel Foreman and Raphael Gillett
Why this handbook? I
Volume 2: Clinical and comparative studies 3
Human clinical studies 3
The clinical approach 3
The neurobehavioural approach 4
The ethological approach 7
Symbiosis between human and animal work 8
References 8
1 Visual-spatial Skill and Standard Psychometric Tests 11
J. Graham Beaumont
Introduction II
The isolation of visual-spatial skills 12
Visual-spatial skill and general cognitive ability 13
Specific psychometric tests of visual-spatial skill 15
Visual organisation 15
Visual scanning 17
Visual-spatial functions 17
Visual construction 22
Drawing and copying 23
Theoretical aspects 24
Cognitive neuropsychology 24
iii
iv CONTENTS
Visual-spatial neglect 25
Internal frames of reference 26
Contemporary theoretical positions 28
Conclusion 29
References 30
2 A Cognitive Neuropsychological Approach to Spatial Memory Deficits in
Brain-damaged Patients 33
Martial Van der Linden and Thierry Meulemans
Introduction 33
Spatial working memory 34
Topographical memory 41
Long-term memory for spatial location 48
Conclusion 52
References 53
3 Animal Spatial Cognition and Exploration 59
Catherine Thinus-Blanc, Etienne Save and Bruno Poucet
Introduction 59
The spatial function of exploration 60
Exploration and problem solving 62
The dishabituation paradigm 66
Open field with objects 68
Reaction to a missing stimulus 75
The dishabituation paradigm for studying hippocampal functions 77
Advantages and pitfalls of paradigms based on exploration 80
Conclusions 83
References 84
4 The Radial Arm Maze: Twenty Years On 87
Nigel Foreman and Irina Ermakova
Introduction 87
Evolution of the radial arm maze 88
Procedures: Practical considerations for the standard continuous
version of the task 90
Data collection 91
Measurement of performance: The standard continuous version of
the task 92
Containment between choices 95
Performance strategies: How do animals complete the task? 97
Extramaze vs. intramaze spatial cues 99
Choice criteria 102
Olfaction 102
Learning and memory I 03
Spatial vs. operant learning 103
Memory: Parameters of performance 104
CONTENTS V
Differential baiting: Working vs. reference memory 106
Influences on RAM performance 110
Early experience 110
Sex differences 111
Age 111
Stress 112
Species and strain variation in performance 112
Win-shift and natural foraging 114
Algorithmic response patterning 116
Scoring of algorithmic response patterns 117
Predominant algorithms: Influencing factors 124
Breaking algorithmic response patterns (strategies) 125
Do algorithms mask poor performance? 126
An aquatic version: The radial water maze 128
Alternative paradigms using a radial structure 130
The Barnes platform task 130
Matching and nonmatching to sample 131
Concluding remarks 131
Acknowledgements 132
References 132
5 The Morris Water Maze (is not a Maze) 145
Franroise Schenk
A timely task design 145
The analysis of spatial representations 147
Which measures must be recorded? 148
Comparison with a task on solid ground 150
What do rats actually know: Place memory or alternative
strategies? 151
Critical steps in task acquisition: Platform pre-exposure and
instantaneous transfer tests 153
A role for vestibular and other idiothetic cues 154
What is the minimum visual information required for place
memory? 156
How critical is the memory of the panorama from the training
sector? 158
Assessing the importance of local cues in place-learning
designs 160
Reversal learning and learning sets 163
Long-term retention: Memory consolidation or primacy effect? 164
The ambiguity of stress effects 165
Dissociations between memory components for place learning 167
Maturational steps 168
Performance in the Morris task following damage of the
hippocampal formation 171
Multiple aspects of cholinergic functions 173
vi CONTENTS
Eco-ethological relevance of the Morris task 175
Is it a valid task for the evaluation of adaptive spatial abilities? 175
Shall we reject or rather refine our hypotheses? 177
Do we need to reject the spatial map hypothesis? 177
Do we need to reconsider which brain structures are involved in
spatial memory? 178
Does it raise some experimental issues? 180
Acknowledgements 181
References 181
6 Testing for Spatial Brain Dysfunction in Animals 189
Helen Hodges
Introduction: Approaches to the assessment of spatial brain
dysfunction 189
Variety of procedures for the assessment of spatial learning and
memory 191
Visuospatial information processing 195
Cue distribution and salience 196
Cue removal 197
Cue stability 198
Associative vs. cognitive mapping processes 199
Egocentric spatial information processing 202
Nonvisual sensory information involved in spatial navigation 203
Olfactory information 204
Tactile information and vibrissae movement 205
Search strategies 207
Nonsensory factors affecting spatial navigation 209
Task motivation and stress 209
Training and testing regimes 211
Assessment of memory deficits by spatial tasks 213
Procedural vs. rapid acquisition tasks 213
Working memory tasks 217
Working memory and the hippocampus 222
Assessment of recovery of function in spatial tasks 224
Environmental enrichment 225
Intra-cerebral transplantation 226
Combined effects of enrichment and transplantation 228
Conclusions 230
Acknowledgements 230
References 231
7 Long-distance Travels and Homing: Dispersal, Migrations,
Excursions 239
Jacques Bovet
A preliminary overview and a prefatory note 239
Observing and recording travels in the field 241
CONTENTS vii
Capture-Marking-Recapture 241
Radio-tracking 242
Miscellaneous opportunistic techniques 245
The home range 247
Measuring home range size and shape 247
Travels within the home range boundaries 250
Long-distance travels and homing 251
A hazy history 251
Homing phenomena and strategies 252
Spontaneous behaviour 255
Experiments 259
Perspectives for the study of mammals 264
References 264
Author index 270
Subjectindex 277
List of Contributors
J. Graham Beaumont, Department of Clinical Psychology, Royal Hospital for
Neuro-disability, West Hill, Putney, London, SW15 3SW, UK
Jacques Bovet, Departement de biologie, Universite Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
GIK 7P4
Irina Ermakova, Institute for Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology,
5a Butlerova Str, Moscow ll7485, Russia
Nigel Foreman, Department of Psychology, University of Leicester, University
Road, Leicester, LEI 7RH, UK
Raphael Gillett, Department of Psychology, University of Leicester, University
Road, Leicester, LEI 7RH, UK
Helen Hodges, Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny
Park, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 8AF, UK
Thierry Meulemans, Service de Neuropsychologie, University of Liege, Boule
vard du Rectorat, B33, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
Bruno Poucet, CNRS - Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences Cognitives, 31
chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille 13402, cedex 20, France
Etienne Save, CNRS - Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences Cognitives, 31
chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille 13402, cedex 20, France
Fran~oise Schenk, Institute de Psychologie, Universite de Lausanne, Rue du
Bugnon 7, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
Catherine Thinus-Bianc, CNRS - Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences
Cognitives, 31 chemin Joseph Aiguier, Marseille 13402, cedex 20, France
Martial Van der Linden, Service de Neuropsychologie, University of Liege,
Boulevard du Rectorat, B33, B-4000 Liege, Belgium
ix
