Handbook of Smart Cities: Software Services and Cyber Infrastructure

408 Pages·2018·9.785 MB·English

by  Muthucumaru Maheswaran, Elarbi Badidi

Muthucumaru Maheswaran 
Elarbi Badidi Editors
Handbook
of Smart
Cities
Software Services and Cyber
Infrastructure
Handbook of Smart Cities
Muthucumaru Maheswaran • Elarbi Badidi
Editors
Handbook of Smart Cities
Software Services and Cyber Infrastructure
123
Editors
MuthucumaruMaheswaran ElarbiBadidi
SchoolofComputerScience CIT
McGillUniversity UAEUniversity
Montreal,QC,Canada AlAin,UAE
ISBN978-3-319-97270-1 ISBN978-3-319-97271-8 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97271-8
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Preface
Cities around the world are under immense pressure to accommodate growing
populations and address environmental challenges. One idea many cities have
started pursuing to address this problem is to leverage Internet technologies and
the forthcoming 5G to develop a suite of city-scale cyber-physicalinfrastructures
dubbed smart cities. The major objective of smart city projects is to create
sustainable,environmentallyfriendlycitiesthatcanprovideservicestotheresidents
in the mostefficientmanner.Smartcities couldimproveon existingservicessuch
astransportationorprovidenewtypesofservicessuchasgovernancethatwerenot
availablebefore.Thescopeofsmartcitiesisever-changingasnewprojectsaround
the world are deployed and experiences are gleaned from those projects. Cities
manage many critical infrastructures such as transportation, waste management,
water resource management, and building services that are ripe for enhancement
inasmartcitycontext.
Smartcityconceptisgainingmomentumbecauseofthewidespreadavailability
ofmanytechnologicalbuildingblockssuchascloudcomputing,superfastwireless
networking,andInternetofThings.Insmartcitydeployments,sensorsandactuators
that generate and consume massive volumes of data under diverse formats and
ontologieswill be integrated into the overallsystem. The data created by the par-
ticipatingdevicesneedtobeappropriatelyclassifiedandrelatedsothatduplication
andconflictscanbeminimized.
Thisbookprovidesaglimpseoftheresearchprojectsthatareunderwayinsmart
cities and examinationof the critical issues relevantfor smart cities. The material
istargetedtowardresearchers,developersofsmartcitytechnologies,andgraduate
studentsinthefieldsofcommunicationsystems,computerscience,anddatascience.
Thebookincludes14chaptersfromresearchersworkingonvariousaspectsofsmart
city-scalecyber-physicalsystems.
The first three chapters deal with infrastructures for smart cities. Chapter 1
providesasurveyoftheInternetofThingsandcomputernetworkingtechnologies
atthesmartcityscale.ItdescribessometypicalsmartcityprojectsthatapplyIoTto
provide smart services mainly in three areas: smart mobility, smart sustainability,
and smart living. In particular, it discusses the unique challenges posed when
v
vi Preface
devicesandsensorsareconnectedinmassivenumberstocloudcomputingbackend
servicesandthe securitychallengesofIoTdeploymentsin smartcities. Chapter2
examinestherolesof5GandIoTinfuturesmartcityscenariosandpostulatessome
futurechallengesthatcouldemergeinthatcontext.Chapter3describestheuseof
cloudsandsensor-baseddevicesformonitoringandmanagingsmartfacilitieslike
bridgesandothersmartapplications.
TheemergingmultidisciplinaryfieldofurbaninformaticsisthefocusofChap.
4. A variety of issues ranging from IoT infrastructure, mobile crowdsensing, big
datamanagement,knowledgemanagementofIoTapplications,toIoTsecurityand
privacyarediscussedinthischapter.
Casinos are a major part of city-scale entertainment. The evolution of casinos
in a 5G smart city scenario is discussed in Chap. 5. In particular, it presents a
design of an integrated casino and entertainment architecture called 5G ICEMO,
whichreliesonthefuture5Gmicro-operatorsmodel.Itproposesabusinessmodel
forIntegratedCasinosandEntertainment(ICE)infuturesmartcitiesandanalyzes
howthetechnologiesofcloudcomputing,fogcomputing,analytics,accesscontrol,
security handling, virtual reality, robots, etc. can be used to develop ICE micro-
operators.Chapter 6 reportson a small-scale prototypesmartparkingdeployment
usingIoThardwareandcloudcomputing.Thechapterdescribestheexperimentand
theexperiencesobtainedthroughtheexperiment.
Vehicular crowdsensing is the focus of Chap. 7. It examines two types of
vehicular crowdsensing: public and private. In public crowdsensing, a global
database is created using the sensing activity, whereas with private crowdsensing
individualqueriesaremappedtotheparticipantswhocouldsolvethecrowdsensing
tasks.Thechapterdescribesamodelforpersonalizedvehicularcrowdsensing.
Context-sensitive computing is a key smart city technology.In Chap. 8, a new
architecturefordeployingcontext-sensitivecomputingatthescaleofsmartcitiesis
described.Chapter 9 describesintelligentmobile message supportforsmartcities
basedonreinforcementlearning.Chapter10describesthedataintegrationproblem
withurbandatastreams.
Large-scaleinteroperabilityisafundamentalprobleminsmartcities.Itcouldbe
tackledinmanydifferentwaysincludingthecreationandadoptionofstandardized
protocols. In Chap. 11, an interesting idea called asymmetric interoperability is
presented to tackle the interoperability problem. The chapter addresses the issue
ofservicesinteroperabilityinthecontextofsmartcitiesandtheInternetofThings
whereservicesareimplementedintheIoTdevices.Thesedevicestypicallyinteract
inlargenumberswhileexhibitingdifferentcharacteristics.
Videosurveillanceisalreadygainingpopularity.Withsmartcities,theycouldsee
evenbroaderdeployment.Chapter 12surveystechnologiesandinfrastructuresfor
videosurveillancemanagementinasmartcity.Itprovidestypicalexamplesofsmart
cities’ applications that use video surveillance. It also describes on-premises and
cloud-basedsolutionsandtheexperimentaltestbedusedtoevaluatetheperformance
ofbothsolutionsintermsofCPU,memory,storage,andbandwidthusage.
Chapters 13 and 14 focus on transportation in smart cities. The management
of electric vehicles in smart cities is the focus of Chap. 12, while information
Preface vii
presentation to nudge citizens toward greener transportation choices is examined
in Chap. 13. Chapter 12 surveys the research efforts concerning electric vehicles
charging by focusing on the issue of selection of suitable charging stations. It
describes three main configurations: centralized, distributed, and hybrid. It also
describeshowmobileedge computingcouldbe usedfor theselection of charging
stations.
Smart buildings play an important role in smart cities. They have a significant
impact on the overallfunctioningof the smart cities. In Chap. 15, a novelenergy
harvestingapproach to deploy wireless sensing is described. Approacheslike this
couldpavethewaytowardcreatingmaintenance-freeremotedeploymentsinsmart
buildingsandpossiblyinsmartcities.
Montreal,QC,Canada MuthucumaruMaheswaran
AlAin,UAE ElarbiBadidi
Contents
InternetofThings(IoT)InfrastructuresforSmartCities................... 1
QuangLe-DangandThoLe-Ngoc
TheRoleof5GandIoTinSmartCities....................................... 31
AttahiruSuleAlfa,BodhaswarT.Maharaj,HaithamAbuGhazaleh,
andBabatundeAwoyemi
LeveragingCloudComputingandSensor-BasedDevices
intheOperationandManagementofSmartSystems ....................... 55
ShikhareshMajumdar
Mobile Computing, IoT andBig DataforUrban Informatics:
ChallengesandOpportunities.................................................. 81
AnirbanMondal,PraveenRao,andSanjayKumarMadria
5G Wireless Micro Operators for Integrated Casinos
andEntertainmentinSmartCities ............................................ 115
Da-YinLiaoandXueHongWang
AnIoT-BasedUrbanInfrastructureSystemforSmartCities .............. 151
Edna Iliana Tamariz-Flores, Kevin Abid García-Juárez,
Richard Torrealba-Meléndez, Jesús Manuel Muñoz-Pacheco,
andMiguelÁngelLeón-Chávez
VehicularCrowdsensingforSmartCities..................................... 175
Tzu-YangYu,XiruZhu,andMuthucumaruMaheswaran
TowardsaModelforIntelligentContext-SensitiveComputing
forSmartCities .................................................................. 205
SalmanMemon,RichardOlaniyan,andMuthucumaruMaheswaran
Intelligent Mobile Messaging for Smart Cities Based
onReinforcementLearning..................................................... 227
BehroozShahriariandMelodyMoh
ix
x Contents
AsymmetricInteroperabilityforSoftwareServices
inSmartCityEnvironments.................................................... 255
JoséC.Delgado
ManagementofVideoSurveillanceforSmartCities......................... 285
Nhat-QuangDao,QuangLe-Dang,RobertMorawski,Anh-TuanDang,
andThoLe-Ngoc
IntelligentTransportationSystemsEnabledICTFramework
forElectricVehicleCharginginSmartCity .................................. 311
Yue Cao, Naveed Ahmad, Omprakash Kaiwartya, Ghanim Puturs,
andMuhammadKhalid
GreenTransportationChoiceswithIoTandSmartNudging............... 331
AndersAndersen,RandiKarlsen,andWeihaiYu
EnergyHarvestinginSmartBuildingSensing:Overview
andaProof-of-ConceptStudy.................................................. 355
AristotelisKollias,ColtonBegert,andIoanisNikolaidis
Building a Data Pipeline for the Management andProcessing
ofUrbanDataStreams.......................................................... 379
ElarbiBadidi,NoufEl Neyadi,MeeraAl Saeedi,FatimaAl Kaabi,
andMuthucumaruMaheswaran
Index............................................................................... 397
Internet of Things (IoT) Infrastructures
for Smart Cities
QuangLe-DangandThoLe-Ngoc
Abstract Smart City promises to enhance resource utility, cost-effectiveness,
sustainabilityandlivingconditionsinurbanenvironmentsbyutilizingInternet-of-
Things(IoT)infrastructures.Thischapterpresentsa comprehensivesurveyonthe
architecturaldesignandkeywirelesscommunicationtechnologiesthatenableSmart
Cityapplications.Inaddition,withtheadoptionandinstallationofIoTdevicesona
city-widescale,securingthesedevicesandtheassociatedcommunicationsnetworks
becomes an importantissue. As a result, this chapter then continue with a survey
to discuss potential security threats for IoT devices in a Smart-City environment,
possiblecountermeasuresandopenresearchissues.
Keywords SmartCityArchitecture · SmartCitySecurity · SmartCityEnabling
Infrastructures
1 IoTand SmartCities: An Introduction
Thelastfewdecadeshavewitnessedanunprecedentedtrendoftheworldpopulation
movingtoliveinurbanareas.Theyear2008marksabigmilestonethatforthefirst
time,morepeoplearelivingincitiesthanintheruralareas1 anditispredictedthat
2050,twooutofeverythreepeoplewillbemetropolitaninhabitants.2
Thisconcentrationofpopulationinsmallareasbringsaboutmanyconsequences
including scarcity of natural resources, pollution, insufficiency of infrastructure,
and public safety management. As a result, sustainable developmentisthe central
1Urbanpopulation–WorldBank:http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS?end=
2015&start=1960&view=chart
2World Population Prospects – UN: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/news/population/
world-urbanization-prospects-2014.html
Q.Le-Dang·T.Le-Ngoc((cid:2))
McGillUniversity,Montréal,QC,Canada
e-mail:[email protected];[email protected]
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2018 1
M.Maheswaran,E.Badidi(eds.),HandbookofSmartCities,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97271-8_1