Table Of ContentReese/IndustrialSafetyandHealthforGoodsandMaterialsServices. 53787_C000 FinalProof page i 13.8.2008 9:10pm CompositorName:BMani
Industrial Safety
and Health for
Goods and Materials Services
Reese/IndustrialSafetyandHealthforGoodsandMaterialsServices. 53787_C000 FinalProof page ii 13.8.2008 9:10pm CompositorName:BMani
Handbook of Safety and Health for the Service Industry
Industrial Safety and Health for Goods and Materials Services
Industrial Safety and Health for Infrastructure Services
Industrial Safety and Health for Administrative Services
Industrial Safety and Health for People-Oriented Services
Reese/IndustrialSafetyandHealthforGoodsandMaterialsServices. 53787_C000 FinalProof page iii 13.8.2008 9:10pm CompositorName:BMani
H
ANDBOOK OF
SAFETY AND HEALTH FOR THE SERVICE INDUSTRY
Industrial Safety
and Health for
Goods and Materials Services
Charles D. Reese
Reese/IndustrialSafetyandHealthforGoodsandMaterialsServices. 53787_C000 FinalProof page iv 13.8.2008 9:10pm CompositorName:BMani
CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Reese, Charles D.
Industrial safety and health for goods and materials services / Charles D. Reese.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4200-5378-4 (alk. paper)
1. Service industries--United States--Safety measures. 2. Service
industries--Employees--Health and hygiene--United States. 3. Retail
trade--Employees--Health and hygiene--United States. 4. Wholesale
trade--Employees--Health and hygiene--United States. 5. Materials handling--United
States--Safety measures. I. Title.
HD7269.S452U6742 2009
658.3’82--dc22 2008013268
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
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Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................xix
Author....................................................................................................................xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction tothe Service Industry....................................................1
1.1 NAICS............................................................................................................2
1.2 Employment in theService Industry.............................................................2
1.3 Safety.............................................................................................................3
1.4 Why Trauma Prevention?..............................................................................6
1.5 Accidents or Incidents...................................................................................6
1.6 Comprehensive Accident Prevention.............................................................6
1.7 Fatality and Injury Profile forthe ServiceIndustry.......................................7
1.8 Occupational Illnesses in theService Industry............................................10
References...............................................................................................................11
Chapter 2 Wholesale Trade................................................................................13
2.1 Profileof Retail Workers’Deaths, Injuries, andIllnesses...........................17
2.1.1 Deaths...............................................................................................17
2.1.2 Injuries..............................................................................................17
2.1.3 Illnesses.............................................................................................17
2.2 HazardsFacedby Wholesale Workers........................................................17
2.3 Occupations..................................................................................................17
2.4 Applicable OSHA Regulations....................................................................22
References...............................................................................................................24
Chapter 3 Retail Trade.......................................................................................25
3.1 Retail Trade..................................................................................................26
3.1.1 MotorVehicleand Part Dealers.......................................................26
3.1.2 Clothing,Accessory,and General MerchandiseStores...................27
3.1.3 GroceryStores..................................................................................28
3.2 Profileof Retail Workers’Deaths, Injuries, andIllnesses...........................29
3.2.1 Deaths...............................................................................................29
3.2.2 Injuries..............................................................................................30
3.2.3 Illnesses.............................................................................................30
3.3 HazardsFacedby Retail Workers...............................................................32
3.4 Occupations..................................................................................................33
3.4.1 MotorVehicleand Part Dealers.......................................................33
3.4.2 Clothing,Accessory,and General MerchandiseStores...................35
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3.4.3 GroceryStores................................................................................37
3.5 Applicable OSHA Regulations..................................................................40
References...............................................................................................................42
Chapter4 Warehousing......................................................................................43
4.1 Profileof Warehousing Workers’Death,Injuries, and Illnesses...............45
4.1.1 Deaths.............................................................................................45
4.1.2 Injuries............................................................................................45
4.1.3 Illnesses...........................................................................................45
4.2 HazardsFaced byWarehousing Workers..................................................45
4.3 Occupations................................................................................................45
4.4 Applicable OSHA Regulations..................................................................51
References...............................................................................................................51
Chapter5 OSHAand Its Regulations................................................................53
5.1 Federal Laws..............................................................................................54
5.2 OSHACT.....................................................................................................54
5.3 Content of theOSHACT.............................................................................54
5.4 Regulation Process.....................................................................................54
5.5 Federal Register.........................................................................................56
5.6 Purpose of OSHA......................................................................................56
5.7 Code ofFederal Regulations.....................................................................57
5.8 CFR Numbering System............................................................................59
5.9 OSHAStandardsCover.............................................................................61
5.10 Copies of theOSHA Standards.................................................................61
5.11 Relief (Variance)from anOSHAStandard...............................................61
5.12 OSHACT Protects.......................................................................................62
5.13 National Institutefor Occupational Safety andHealth’s Role..................62
5.14 OccupationalSafety andHealthReview Commission’s Role..................62
5.15 Employers Are Responsiblefor Workers’ Safety and Health...................62
5.16 Workers’Rights.........................................................................................63
5.17 Workers’Responsibilities underthe Law..................................................64
5.18 Right toNot Be Discriminated Against.....................................................64
5.19 Right toKnow...........................................................................................64
5.20 EnvironmentalMonitoring Results............................................................65
5.21 Personal Protective Clothing......................................................................65
5.22 OSHAInspections.....................................................................................65
5.23 OSHAReceives aComplaint....................................................................66
5.24 Citations.....................................................................................................67
5.25 Typesof Violations....................................................................................67
5.26 Challenging Citations, Penalties, andOtherEnforcement Measures........67
5.27 Workers Get theResults ofan Inspection.................................................68
5.28 Determining Penalties................................................................................68
5.29 State Programs...........................................................................................68
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5.30 Workers’Training......................................................................................69
5.31 Occupational Injuries andIllnesses...........................................................69
5.32 Medicaland Exposure Records.................................................................70
5.33 Posting........................................................................................................70
5.34 Summary....................................................................................................70
Chapter 6 Safety and Health Management.........................................................71
6.1 Safety and Health Management.................................................................71
6.1.1 Safety andHealthPolicy................................................................72
6.1.2 Goals and Objectives......................................................................72
6.1.3 VisibleTop Management Leadership.............................................72
6.1.4 Assignmentof Responsibility.........................................................72
6.1.5 Provisionof Authority....................................................................73
6.1.6 Accountability.................................................................................73
6.1.7 Program Evaluation........................................................................73
6.2 Safety and Health Programs......................................................................73
6.3 Reasonsfor aComprehensive Safety Program.........................................75
6.4 Building aSafety and Health Program......................................................76
6.4.1 Management Commitment and Employee Involvement................77
6.4.2 HazardIdentification and Assessment............................................79
6.4.3 HazardPrevention andControl......................................................80
6.4.4 Information andTraining................................................................81
6.4.5 Evaluation of Program Effectiveness.............................................83
6.4.6 Multiemployer Workplaces.............................................................83
6.5 Characteristics ofan Occupational Safety and Health Program................84
6.5.1 Factors Affecting Safety andHealth..............................................84
6.6 Summary....................................................................................................85
Chapter 7 Safety Hazards...................................................................................87
7.1 Emphasis onHazards.................................................................................87
7.2 Accident Causes.........................................................................................88
7.2.1 Direct Causes..................................................................................89
7.2.2 IndirectCauses................................................................................90
7.2.3 Basic Causes...................................................................................91
7.3 Summary....................................................................................................95
Chapter 8 HealthHazards...................................................................................97
8.1 Occupational Illnesses................................................................................97
8.2 Identifying Health Hazards........................................................................98
8.3 HealthHazards...........................................................................................99
8.3.1 Acute Health Effects.....................................................................101
8.3.2 Chronic Health Effects..................................................................101
8.3.3 Chronic Disease............................................................................102
8.3.4 Birth Defects=Infertility................................................................103
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8.4 Biological Monitoring..............................................................................104
8.4.1 MedicalQuestionnaire..................................................................105
8.4.2 Pulmonary Function Tests............................................................105
8.4.3 Electrocardiogram.........................................................................105
8.4.4 ChestX-Ray..................................................................................105
8.5 Hazardous Chemicals...............................................................................106
8.5.1 Carcinogens...................................................................................108
8.6 IonizingRadiation....................................................................................109
8.7 Noise-Induced HearingLoss....................................................................111
8.8 Nonionizing Radiation.............................................................................113
8.9 Temperature Extremes.............................................................................114
8.9.1 Cold Stress....................................................................................114
8.9.2 Heat Stress....................................................................................116
8.10 Vibration..................................................................................................117
Reference...............................................................................................................118
Chapter9 Chemical Hazards............................................................................119
9.1 Chemicals.................................................................................................119
9.2 Routes of Entry and Modes ofAction.....................................................119
9.2.1 Eyes...............................................................................................119
9.2.2 Lungsand Inhalation....................................................................121
9.2.2.1 Respiration......................................................................122
9.2.3 Skin Absorption............................................................................123
9.2.4 Ingestion........................................................................................124
9.2.5 Personal Exposure Guides............................................................124
9.3 Chemical Exposure Guidelines................................................................125
9.3.1 Time-WeightedAverage...............................................................126
9.3.2 Short-Term Exposure Limits........................................................126
9.3.3 CeilingLimit.................................................................................126
9.3.4 Skin AbsorptionNotation.............................................................127
9.4 Typesof Airborne Contaminants.............................................................127
9.4.1 Dusts.............................................................................................127
9.4.2 Fumes............................................................................................127
9.4.3 Gases.............................................................................................128
9.4.4 Mists..............................................................................................128
9.4.5 Vapors...........................................................................................128
9.5 Typical Hazardous Chemicals.................................................................129
9.5.1 Solvents.........................................................................................129
9.5.2 Cleaners.........................................................................................129
9.5.3 Acids and Bases............................................................................130
9.5.4 Adhesives and Sealants.................................................................131
9.5.5 Paints.............................................................................................131
9.5.6 Fuels..............................................................................................131
9.6 Exposure Monitoring...............................................................................132
9.7 Biological Monitoring..............................................................................133
