Handbook of Powder Science & Technology

913 Pages·1997·26.858 MB·English

by  Brian H. Kaye (auth.), Muhammad E. Fayed, Lambert Otten (eds.)

HANDBOOK
OF POWDER
SCIENCE
&
TECHNOLOGY
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HANDBOOK
OF POWDER
SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
SECOND EDITION
edited by
Muhammad E. Fayed
Lambert Otten
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Copyright © 1997 by Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1997
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1997
All rights reserved No part ofthis book covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any torm or by any means-graphic. electronic,
or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrievalsystems-without the written permission o1'the
puhlisher.
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 XXX 01 00 99 98 97
Libn.ry ..r congress CataIoglng-In-PubUcation Data
Handbook 01' powder seiencc & teehnology / edited by M. E. Fayed, L. Otten. - 2nd cd.
p. an.
Rev. cd. of: Handbook o1'powder science and technoilogy. e1984.
Ineludes bibliographical references and indel<.
ISBN 978-0-412-99621-4 ISBN 978-1-4615-6373-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-6373-0
I. Partieles. 2. Powders. I. Faycd, M.E. (Muhammad E.) II. Otten, L. (Lambert)
III. Title: Handbook ofpowder seience and teehnology. IV. Handbook ofpowder
seience and technology.
TPI56.P3H35 1997 97-3463
620'.43--dc21 CIP
TO
My Late Parents, My Wife Carolyn
Fat-Hia Hitata and my children
Al-Sawi Fayed Mark and Susan Otten
All of whom have given us far too much without reservation
CONTENTS
Dedication v
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Contributors xvii
1. PARTICLE SIZE CHARACTERIZATION 1
1.1. What Is the Size of a Powder Grain? 1
1.2. Obtaining a Representative Sample 3
1.3. Size Characterization by Image Analysis 7
1.4. Characterizing Powders by Sieve Fractionation 8
1.5. Characterizing the Size of Fineparticles by Sedimentation
Techniques 12
1.6. Diffractometers for Characterizing the Size of Fineparticles 14
1.7. Time-of-Flight Instruments 18
1.8. Size Characterization Equipment Based on the Doppler Effect 21
1.9. Stream Counters 23
1.10. Elutriators 24
1.11. Permeability Methods for Characterizing Fineparticle
Systems 26
1.12. Surface Area by Gas Adsorption Studies 28
1.13. Pore Size Distribution of a Packed Powder Bed 29
References 32
2. PARTICLE SHAPE CHARACTERIZATION 35
2.1. Introduction 35
2.2. Dimensionless Indices of Fineparticle Shape 35
2.3. Geometric Signature Waveforms for Characterizing the Shape
of Irregular Profiles 39
2.4. Fractal Dimensions of Fineparticle Boundaries for Describing
Structure and the Texture of Fineparticles 44
2.5. Dynamic Shape Factors from a Study of the Catastrophic
Tumbling Behavior of Fineparticles 48
References 52
vII
viii HANDBOOK OF POWDER SCIENCE
3. STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF PACKINGS OF PARTICLES 53
3.1. Introduction 53
3.2. Macroscopic Structure Parameters 54
3.3. Packing Structures of Equal Spheres 61
3.4. Packing Structures of General Systems 67
References 90
4. FUNDAMENTAL AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF POWDERS 96
4.1. Packing Characteristics of Particles 96
4.2. Permeability of the Powder Bed 116
4.3. Strength of a Particle Assemblage 118
References 142
5. VIBRATION OF FINE POWDERS AND ITS APPLICATION 146
5.1. Introduction 146
5.2. Literature Review 148
5.3. Measurement of Dynamic Shear 152
5.4. Dynamic Shear Characteristics-Sinusoidal Vibration
Excitation 155
5.5. An Inertia Model for Vibration of Whole Shear Cell 161
5.6. A Failure Criterion 171
5.7. Boundary Shear and Wall Friction 175
5.8. Random Vibration Excitation 178
5.9. Compaction of Powders and Bulk Solids 181
5.lD. Application of Vibrations in Flow Promotion 185
5.11. Transmission of Vibration Energy Through Bulk Mass 190
5.12. Stress Waves in Three Dimensions-Some Basic Concepts 194
5.13. Concluding Remarks 196
References 198
6. SIZE ENLARGEMENT BY AGGLOMERATION 202
6.1. Introduction 202
6.2. Agglomerate Bonding and Strength 206
6.3. Size Enlargement by Agglomeration in Industry 227
6.4. Growth/Tumble Agglomeration Methods-Agitation Methods 252
6.5. Pressure Agglomeration Methods 295
6.6. Other Agglomeration Methods 364
6.7. Acknowledgments 377
7. PNEUMATIC CONVEYING 378
7.1. Introduction 378
CONTENTS ix
7.2. Relationship Between Major Pipeline Variables 379
7.3. Basics of System Design 381
7.4. Specification of Air Requirements 383
References 388
8. STORAGE AND FLOW OF PARTICULATE SOLIDS 389
8.1. Introduction 389
8.2. Definitions 390
8.3. Types of Bin Construction 390
8.4. Flow Patterns in Bins and Hoppers 397
8.5. Stresses on Bin Walls 405
8.6. Solids Flow Analysis and Testing 416
8.7. Bulk Density and Compressibility 424
8.8. Other Factors Affecting Flow Properties During Storage 425
8.9. Design of Bins for Flow 427
8.10. Effect of the Gas Phase 436
8.11. Other Methods of Characterizing Solids Relevant to
Storage and Flow 440
8.12. Particle Segregation During Storage and Flow 446
8.13. Static Devices to Promote Gravity Flow from Bins 453
8.14. Flow-Promoting Devices and Feeders for Regulating Flow 459
References 480
9. FLUIDIZATION PHENOMENA AND FLUIDIZED BED TECHNOLOGY 487
9.1. Historical Development 487
9.2. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Fluidized Technique 502
9.3. Operating Characteristics and Design Procedures 514
References 530
10. SPOUTING OF PARTICULATE SOLIDS 532
10.1. Introduction 532
10.2. Minimum Spouting Velocity 534
10.3. Maximum Spoutable Bed Depth 535
10.4. Flow Distribution of Fluid 536
10.5. Pressure Drop 537
10.6. Particle Motion 539
10.7. Void age Distribution 542
10.8. Spout Diameter 542
10.9. Heat Transfer 543
10.10. Mass Transfer 545
10.11. Chemical Reaction: Two-Region Models 546
10.12. Applications 549
10.13. Modified Spouted Beds 553
10.14. Practical Considerations 559
References 562
x HANDBOOK OF POWDER SCIENCE
11. MIXING OF POWDERS 568
11.1. Basic Concepts of Powder Mixing 568
11.2. Different Mixing Machines 576
References 584
12. SIZE REDUCTION OF SOLIDS CRUSHING AND GRINDING EQUIPMENT 586
12.1. Introduction 586
12.2. A Brief Review of Fracture Mechanics 587
12.3. Size Reduction Machines 598
12.4. The Analysis of Size Reduction Processes 605
12.5. New Mills 623
12.6. FutureWork 631
References 631
13. SEDIMENTATION 635
13.1. Introduction 635
13.2. Theory of Sedimentation 639
13.3. Thickening 657
13.4. Clarification 666
13.5. Nonconventional Sedimentation Processes and Equipment 672
List of Symbols 676
References 678
14. FILTRATION OF SOLIDS FROM LIQUID STREAMS 683
14.1. Introduction 683
14.2. Physical Mechanisms of Filtration 685
14.3. Filtration Theory 686
14.4. Filter Media 688
14.5. Membranes 690
14.6. Filter Aids 695
14.7. Stages of the Filter Cycle 696
14.8. Literature and Information Review 698
14.9. Types and Description of Liquid Filter Equipment 701
4.10. Centrifuges 719
4.11. Filter Equipment Selection 723
References 723
15. CYCLONES 727
15.1. Introduction 727
15.2. Performance Characteristics 728
15.3. Performance Modeling 731
CONTENTS xi
15.4. Cyclone Design 743
References 751
16. THE ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR: APPUCATION AND CONCEPTS 753
16.1. Introduction 753
16.2. Factors and Effects 757
16.3. Resistivity 759
16.4. Operation and Maintenance 763
16.5. Gas Conditioning 768
16.6. Design and Performance Concepts 768
16.7. Effect of Particle Size 769
References 770
17. GRANULAR BED FILTERS
PART I. mE mEORY 771
17.1.1. Introduction 771
17.1.2. Total Bed Efficiency 772
17.1.3. Collection Mechanisms in Deep-Bed Filtration 773
17.1.4. Experimental Verification 776
17.1.5. Concluding Remarks 778
References 780
17. PART II. APPUCATION AND DESIGN 781
17.2.1. Introduction 781
17.2.2. Purposes and Applications 781
17.2.3. Porous Sintered Granule Beds 783
17.2.4. Continuous Moving-Bed Filters 784
17.2.5. Intermittent Moving-Bed Filters 785
17.2.6. Fluidized Bed Filters 788
17.2.7. Granular Bed Filters Mechanically Cleaned 789
17.2.8. Granular Bed Filters Pneumatically Cleaned 791
17.2.9. Technological Status of Systems Under Development and
Under Commercialization 792
References 801
Bibliography 801
18. WET SCRUBBER PARTICULATE COLLECTION 803
18.1. Introduction 803
18.2. Power Consumption 810
18.3. Collection Efficiency 811
18.4. Scrubber Selection 815
18.5. Atomized Spray Scrubbers (Venturi, Orifice, Impingement) 816