Handbook of Poultry Feed from Waste: Processing and Use

420 Pages·2000·26.36 MB·English

by  Adel R. Y. El Boushy

Handbook of Poultry Feed from Waste
Handbook of
Poultry Feed from Waste
Processing and Use
Second edition
by
Adel R.Y. El Boushy
Prof Emeritus of Poultry Nutrition
and
Antonius F.B. van der Poel
Senior Lectuer of Feed Science & Technology
Department ofA nimal Sciences, Group Animal Nutrition,
Wageningen University,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-90-481-5523-1 ISBN 978-94-017-1750-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-1750-2
Printed on acid·free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
Dedicated to Professors
M.T.RAGAB
To the Memory of the Former Head of Department of Animal Science,
Fa cuity of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
M. VAN ALBADA
To the Memory of the Former Head of Department of Poultry Science,
Wageningen Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
C.C. OOSTERLEE
Professor Emeritus of Department of Animal Science
and Former Vice-Chancellor ofWageningen Agricultural University,
Wageningen, The Netherlands .
... whose teachings will be found
reflected in many pages of this book,
and to my wife Therese
Adel El Boushy
Contents
Foreword 1x
Preface x1
The Authors xu1
The Benefit Of Feed From Waste
1.1 General Introduction 1
1.2 Analytical studies and Estimates of Food and Waste Production 5
1.3 Benefits Derived from the Use of Feed from Waste 13
1.4 Increase of Population and the Shortage of Food Supply 17
1.5 The Role of the Developed Countries Towards the Developing Ones 25
1.6 Conclusion 27
References 28
2 Dried Poultry Waste 31
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Dried Poultry Waste 32
2.3 Biological Conversion Methods to Improve Cage Layer Manure 42
References 69
3 Protein Recovery from Wastewater in Poultry Processing Plants 75
3.1 Introduction 75
3.2 Processing of the Recovered Protein Effluent 79
3.3 Chemical Analysis and Nutritive Value 83
3.4 Its Use in Feeding 85
3.5 Biohazards of Recovered Sludge 87
References 88
4 Poultry By-Products 90
4.1 Introduction 90
4.2 Feather Meal 92
4.3 Poultry By-Product Meal 127
4.4 Hatchery By-Products 136
4.5 Shell Waste from Egg-Breaking Plants 142
4.6 Spent Laying Hens 144
4.7 Biohazards of Poultry By-Products 147
References 147
viii
5 Hide and Tanning Waste By-Products 153
5.1 Introduction 153
5.2 Technological Aspects 154
5.3 Chemical Analysis and Nutritive Value 162
5.4 Its Use as a Feedstuff 168
References 171
6 Fruit, Vegetable and Brewers' Waste 173
6.1 General Introduction 174
6.2 Tomato Residues 177
6.3 Citrus Pulp 189
6.4 Potato Residues 208
6.5 Grape and Wine Residue 242
6.6 Date Residue 254
6.7 Apple Residue 263
6.8 Mango Seed 269
6.9 Guava Seed 276
6.10 Brewers' Dried Grains 281
References 301
7 Municipal Refuse 312
7.1 Introduction 312
7.2 Processing of Municipal Refuse 316
7.3 Chemical Analysis and Nutritive Value 326
7.4 Municipal Refuse in the Nutrition of Poultry 333
References 344
8 Palatability and Feed Intake Regulations 348
8.1 Introduction 348
8.2 Sensory Involvement in Controlling Feed Intake 349
8.3 Palatability and Feed Acceptability 374
References 391
Index 399
Foreword
In developed market economics with intensive animal production systems, such as
The Netherlands, many new feedstuffs have been introduced as part of the diets of
ruminant and monogastric animals. These new feedstuffs are often by-products of
human food processing. It is important that these by-products and also the by-products
from wastes are properly evaluated with regard to the possibilities of incorporating
them into livestock diets.
Research on the subject of feed from waste, its processing and its use in the nutrition
of poultry has increased considerably during the last decade. The Department of Animal
Sciences, Animal Nutrition Group of Wageningen University (WU), Wageningen, The
Netherlands in close co-operation with the Poultry Feeding and the Processing Industry
has been active in this field.
In order to update research and to expedite further work in this field a comprehensive
review of the literature on this subject of feed from waste was made. Such a study
would not only bring the industry up to date on the subject but could also indicate
specific topics which may be of great value for developing market economics.
Poultry scientists and technologists suggested that a review would fill a need as a
reference and textbook not only for the industry but also for undergraduates and
graduates of agricultural colleges and extension services all over the world.
The theories developed and results obtained from the research in our Department
are included in the various chapters of this book. A list of relevant references, with
emphasis on papers and reviews giving a comprehensive citation of literature, has been
provided for students and investigators who may wish to make a detailed study on
various aspects of feed from waste as a feedstuff. Particular consideration has been
given to the evaluation of research results obtained in the past and to the problems
remaining to be solved.
The continuous efforts of Prof. Dr. ir. A.R. El Boushy, Prof. Emeritus in poultry
nutrition and Dr. ir. A.F.B. Van der Poe!, senior lecturer in animal feed science and
technology, who are both members of the Department of Animal Sciences, Animal
Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, in writing this
book are greatly appreciated.
On behalf of the Wageningen University (WU), Wageningen, The Netherlands, we
are indebted to research workers throughout the world who have conducted the research
from which the results and the principles outlined in this book are derived.
Professor Dr. ir. M.W.A. Verstegen Professor Dr. ir. S. Tamminga
Monogastric Nutrition Ruminant Nutrition
Preface
Much of the world's human population suffers from malnutrition. In the developing mar
ket economics in particular this is a great problem and the gap between the developed
and developing regions tends to increase rather than to decrease. Accordingly, much
effort is being made to study the possibilities of utilizing agricultural, animal and
industrial waste in the nutrition of poultry. As a consequence, this can be a reduction in
the use of traditional feed ingredients such as maize, wheat and soybeans that can also
be consumed by humans. By using converted biological waste as an animal feed, a new
industry and market can be established and pollution can be lowered in developing as
well as developed countries. This may be reflected in the national income. Beside this,
low-cost poultry meat and eggs will be available and will assist in reducing hunger by
lowering the competition between humans and poultry for food. In recent years several
books have been published on various aspects of non-traditional feed. However, a
comprehensive study in this field of processing and poultry nutrition has not been
published previously.
This book has been written to describe the potential of nutrient recovery from
wastes such as poultry manure, slaughter waste, sludge recovered from wastewater,
tannery waste, municipal waste, fruit and vegetable wastes and their integration in
poultry feeding systems.
Numerous processing methods, technologies and systems (dehydrations, chemical
and mechanical treatments, biodegradation to improve the nutritive value by using
insects and earthworm cultures and other complex recycling systems) are described
as potential methods to manufacture feed from waste depending on the origin of
the waste materiaL Results are described and evaluated according to their chemica!
analysis, nutritive value, reliability, applicability and use as a feedstuff for poultry.
Industrial processes involving the regular application of treatments of the original
product as well as the conversion of the wastes into protein or carbohydrate sources
are described.
Since the sensory quality of feed ingredients has a considerable influence on feed
consumption in poultry, a separate chapter deals with the palatability of feed from
waste. In addition to the appearance and texture of feed ingredients as components of
sensory quality, special attention has been paid to taste. The ability of the birds to taste
with a physiological and histological background, has been discussed in detail. The use
of high intensity sweeteners to improve palatability of waste is also discussed.
This book has been written to serve as a text-book for undergraduates, a ready
reference and text book for graduate students, and a source of information for the
research worker, the practical nutritionist and technologist. This book can also be of
considerable value for teaching, in extension work and providing advice concerning
the technical aspects to the feed industry and related agribusiness.
xii
The selected lists of references at the end of each chapter provide the reader
with a maximum entry to the literature covering the extensive research reports on
processing and nutrition. Comprehensive compilation of the literature was minimized
and the presentation of literature data was based on interpretation or correlation of
research findings.
The authors are indebted to research workers throughout the world who have
initiated the experimental and practical research from which the principles outlined
in this book are derived.
We wish to thank and acknowledge our colleagues of Wageningen University,
Wageningen, The Netherlands for their kind help during the writing of this book. We
like to express our sincere appreciation to Mrs T.M.S. El Boushy for typing the whole
manuscript and to Mrs Y.S. Abeln, member of the Centre for Agricultural Publishing
and Documentation, for her continuous supply of literature and documentation. Special
thanks to the head of the Sector of Animal Production Mr J. Wien and his staff
members, Mr W.J.A. Valen for taking the photographs and Mr K. Boekhorst for the
excellent drawings and lay-outs delivered. For the library facilities the efficient support
of Mrs A.M. Zijlmans and Mrs L.M.T. Zeeuwen is acknowledged. The computing work
of the F.A.O. data was made possible with the continuous support of Ing. P.L. van der
Togt.
The authors acknowledge the publication of this book and are convinced that it can
serve as a text-book, a research reference and a useful guide to feed from waste, and its
processing and use as a feedstuff for all classes of poultry.
A.R. El Boushy
A.F.B. van der Poel