Handbook of Phase Change. Boiling and Condensation

786 Pages·2019·92.615 MB·English

by  Kandlikar S.

HANDBOOK OF PHASE CHANGE:
BOILING AND CONDENSATION

HANDBOOK OF PHASE
CHANGE: BOILING
AND CONDENSATION
Editor-in Chief
Satish G. Kandlikar
Co-editors:
Masahiro Shoji
Vijay K. Dhir
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 1999 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an In forma business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to
publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material repro
duced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any
form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming,
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material eelctronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copy·
right.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400.
CCC is a not·for·profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been
granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifica·
tion and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and welcomes correspondence from those they have been
unable lo contact.
CONTENTS
Preface xiii
Nomenclature xix
Contributors xli
1 VAPOR LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM PROPERTIES 1
Y. Fujita, S. G. Kandlikar
1.1 Thermodynamic Equilibrium-Pure Components 1
1.2 Thermodynamic Equilibrium-Binary and Multi-Component Mixtures 11
1.3 Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Pure Substances and
Multicomponent Mixtures 34
References 39
2 REPRESENTATION OF SOLID-LIQUID-VAPOR PHASE
INTERACTIONS 41
M. Shoji, Y. Mori, S. Maruyama
2.1 Introduction of Solid-Liquid-Vapor Phase Interactions 41
2.2 Macroscopic Representation of Solid-Liquid-Vapor Phase Interactions 44
2.3 Microscopic Representation of Solid-Liquid-Vapor Interactions 52
References 59
3 BOILING CURVE 63
V. K. Dhir
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Pool Boiling 63
v
vi CONTENTS
3.3 Flow Boiling 66
References 69
4 NUCLEATE BOILING 71
V. K. Dhir, S. G. Kandlikar, Y. Fujita, Y. /ida, R. Heist
4.1 Introduction (VD) 71
4.2 Effect of System Variables on Nucleate Boiling (VD) 74
4.3 Nucleation Characteristics in Pool Boiling, Heterogeneous Nucleation
(VD) 79
4.4 Bubble Dynamics and Heat Transfer (VD) 85
4.5 Nucleation Site Density (VD) 89
4.6 Heat Transfer in Nucleate Boiling (VD) 93
4.7 Pool Boiling in Binary Systems (SK, YF) 99
4.8 Homogeneous Nucleation of Liquids (YI, RH) 109
References 116
5 ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES IN POOL BOILING 121
A. Yabe, W Nakayama, P. Di Marco
5.1 Introduction (AY, WN) 121
5.2 Basic Enhancement Mechanism in Pool Boiling (AY, WN) 122
5.3 Passive Methods of Pool Heat Transfer Enhancement (AY, WN) 125
5.4 Active Methods of Pool Boiling Enhancement (PD) 133
References 141
6 CRITICAL HEAT FLUX IN POOL BOILING 145
Y. Haramura
6.1 Critical Heat Flux in Saturated Pool Boiling of Pure Liquids 145
6.2 Mechanistic Models 151
6.3 Amount of Liquid Left in Macrol ayer 155
6.4 Critical Heat Flux of Subcooled Pool Boiling for Single Component
Liquid 158
6.5 Critical Heat Flux in Pool Boiling for Mixtures 161
References 163
7 FILM AND TRANSITION BOILING 167
S. Nishio, H. Auracher
7.1 Introduction (SN) 167
7.2 Film Pool Boiling (SN) 168
7.3 Transition Boiling (HA) 181
References 193
CONTENTS vii
8 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC MODELS 197
G. Hewitt
8.1 Introduction 197
8.2 Two-Phase Flow Systems 198
8.3 Flow Patterns 200
8.4 Modeling Two-Phase Flow Systems 201
8.5 Overview 203
9 FLUID MECHANICS ASPECTS OF TWO-PHASE
FLOW 205
G. Hewitt, M. Kawaji
9.1 Flow Inside Circular Tubes (GH) 205
9.2 Flow In Other Geometries (MK) 233
References 254
10 TWO-PHASE FLOW INSTABILITIES 261
M. Ozawa
10.1 Introduction 261
10.2 Problem Description and Classification 261
10.3 Basic Mathematical Modeling 264
10.4 Density Wave Oscillation 268
10.5 Non-Linear Dynamics and Chaos 274
References 278
11 CRITICAL TWO PHASE FLOW 279
H. Nariai
11.1 Introduction 279
11.2 Equilibrium Critical Flow 281
11.3 Non-Equilibrium Critical Flow 282
11.4 Summary and Recommendation 283
References 283
12 TWO-PHASE FLOW AND BOILING HEAT TRANSFER
IN TUBE BUNDLES 285
R. Dowlati, M. Kawaji
12.1 Introduction 285
12.2 Flow Regimes 289
12.3 Void Fraction 291
12.4 Two-Phase Frictional Pressure Drop 297
viii CONTENTS
12.5 Two-Phase Heat Transfer Coefficient 300
References 307
13 EXTERNAL FLOW FILM BOILING 311
L. Witte
13.1 Introduction 311
13.2 Physical/Mathematical Models for Flow Film Boiling 311
13.3 Data Correlation and Comparison to Theory 320
13.4 Concluding Remarks 328
References 329
14 AUGMENTATION TECHNIQUES AND EXTERNAL
FLOW BOILING 331
M. Monde, T. Ueda, Y. Koizumi, V. K. Dhir
14.1 Impinging Jets and Other Geometries (MM) 331
14.2 Falling Film Evaporation and Boiling (TU, YK) 342
14.3 Augmentation Techniques in External Flow Boiling (MM, VD) 359
References 363
15 FLOW BOILING IN CIRCULAR TUBES 367
S. G. Kandlikar
(with H. Nariai-15.2.4., 15.3.1-2, 15.3.7-8)
15.1 Introduction 367
15.2 Subcooled Flow Boiling 368
15.3 Saturated Flow Boiling 386
References 399
16 FLOW BOILING IN ADVANCED GEOMETRIES
AND APPLICATIONS 403
W. Nakayama, A. Yabe, P. Kew, K. Cornwell, S. G. Kandlikar,
V. K. Dhir
16.1 Flow Boiling in Narrow Channels for Thermal Management
of Microelectronic Equipment (WN, AY) 403
16.2 Flow Boiling in Compact Heat Exchangers (PK, KC) 412
16.3 Flow Boiling of Binary Mixtures in Plain Tubes (SK) 428
16.4 Flow Boiling in Microgravity (VD) 435
References 436
CONTENTS ix
17 CHF AND POST-CHF (POST-DRYOUT) HEAT
TRANSFER 443
G. P. Celata, A. Mariani
17.1 CHF in Subcooled Flow Boiling 444
17.2 CHF in Saturated Flow Boiling 459
17.3 Post-CHF Heat Transfer 477
Appendix 484
References 486
18 FLOW BOILING AUGMENTATION 495
S. G. Kandlikar, G. P. Celata, A. Mariani
18.1 Augmentation of Subcooled Boiling Heat Transfer (SK) 495
18.2 Augmentation of Saturated Flow Boiling Heat Transfer (SK) 498
18.3 Augmentation of CHF and Post-CHF Transfer (GC, AM) 512
References 518
19 FILM CONDENSATION 523
J. Rose, H. Uehara, S. Koyama, T. Fujii
19.1 Laminar Film Condensation of Pure Vapors (JR) 523
19.2 Transition and Turbulent Film Condensation (HU) 537
19.3 Condensation on Tube Banks (HU) 551
19.4 Condensation of Mixtures (SK, TF) 563
References 575
20 DROPWISE CONDENSATION 581
J. Rose, Y. Utaka, I. Tanasawa
20.1 Introduction 581
20.2 Promotion of Dropwise Condensation 582
20.3 Dropwise Condensation of Steam 583
20.4 Dropwise Condensation of Organic Vapors 589
20.5 Heat Transfer Theory 590
References 592
21 DIRECT CONTACT CONDENSATION 595
/. Tanasawa, Y. Mori, Y. Utaka
21.1 Introduction 595
21.2 Case When a Low-Temperature Liquid Forms a Dispersed Phase 596
21.3 Case When a Vapor Forms a Dispersed Phase 600
References 603