Handbook of Optical Systems, Volume 4: Survey of Optical Instruments

1087 Pages·2008·48.259 MB·English

by  Herbert Gross (ed.)

HandbookofOpticalSystems
EditedbyHerbertGross
Volume4:
SurveyofOpticalInstruments
HandbookofOpticalSystems:Vol.4SurveyofOpticalInstruments.EditedbyHerbertGross
Copyright©2008WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:978-3-527-40380-6
Handbook of Optical Systems
Edited by
Herbert Gross
Volume1: Fundamentals ofTechnical Optics
Volume2:Physical Image Formation
Volume3:Aberration Theoryand CorrectionofOptical Systems
Volume4:Surveyof Optical Instruments
Volume5:Metrologyof Optical Componentsand Systems
Volume6:Advanced Physical Optics
Handbook of Optical Systems
Edited by
Herbert Gross
Volume 4: Survey of Optical Instruments
Herbert Gross, Fritz Blechinger, Bertram Achtner
HerbertGross (cid:1) AllbookspublishedbyWiley-VCHarecarefullypro-
HeadofOpticalDesignDepartment duced.Nevertheless,authors,editors,andpublisher
CarlZeissAG,Oberkochen,Germany donotwarranttheinformationcontainedinthese
e-mail:[email protected] books,includingthisbook,tobefreeoferrors.Read-
ersareadvisedtokeepinmindthatstatements,data,
illustrations,proceduraldetailsorotheritemsmay
FritzBlechinger
inadvertentlybeinaccurate.
SwissOptic,Heerbrugg,Switzerland
e-mail:[email protected]
LibraryofCongressCardNo.:
appliedfor
BertramAchtner
OpticalDesignDepartment BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
CarlZeissAG,Oberkochen,Germany Acataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromthe
e-mail:[email protected] BritishLibrary.
Bibliographicinformationpublishedby
DieDeutscheBibliothek
DieDeutscheBibliothekliststhispublicationinthe
DeutscheNationalbibliografie;detailedbibliographic
dataisavailableintheInternetat
<http://dnb.ddb.de>.
©2008WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,
Weinheim
Allrightsreserved(includingthoseoftranslationinto
otherlanguages).Nopartofthisbookmayberepro-
ducedinanyform–nortransmittedortranslatedinto
machinelanguagewithoutwrittenpermissionfrom
thepublishers.Registerednames,trademarks,etc.
usedinthisbook,evenwhennotspecificallymarked
assuch,arenottobeconsideredunprotectedbylaw.
PrintedintheFederalRepublicofGermany.
Printedonacid-freepaper.
CoverDesign 4tMatthes+TrautWerbeagentur
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Typesetting Kühn&Weyh,SatzundMedien,
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ISBN 978-3-527-40380-6(Vol.4)
ISBN 978-3-527-40382-0(Set)
HerbertGross FritzBlechinger
HerbertGrosswasbornin1955.Hestudiedphysics FritzBlechinger wasbornin1954.Hereceivedhis
at the University ofStuttgart, Germany,andjoined diplomainFeinwerktechnikin1978fromtheUni-
CarlZeissin1982,wherehehassincebeenworking versity of Applied Science in Munich. From 1978
inthedepartmentofopticaldesign.Hisspecialareas until1984heworkedatOptischeWerkeRodenstock,
ofinterestarethedevelopmentofsimulationmeth- wherehedevelopedmedicalsystems,scanningsys-
ods,opticaldesignsoftwareandalgorithms,themod- tems,infraredoptics,projectionobjectivesandsoft-
elingoflasersystemsandsimulationofproblemsin ware solutions. Thereafter until 1995 he worked at
physicaloptics,andthetoleranceandthemeasure- MBB in Ottobrunn where he became the manager
ment of optical systems. Since 1995, he has been ofthedepartmentofopticalsystems.Hisresponsibil-
head of the central optical design department at itiesincludeddevelopmentsofhigh-resolutiondigital
Zeiss.In1995,hereceivedhisPhDattheUniversity cameras, telescopes, spectrometers, interferometer
ofStuttgart,Germany,onthemodelingoflaserbeam systems,testopticsandseveralothersystems.From
propagationinthepartialcoherentregion 1996hewasheadoftheopticaldesigngroupatLinos
Photonics, Munich, where he was concerned with
BertramAchtner special objectives, infrared systems, printing objec-
Bertram Achtner was born in 1960. He studied tives,photosystems,among others.In2006 he was
AppliedMathematicsattheFachhochschuleRegens- theheadoftheopticaldesigngroupatLeuzeElektro-
burg. Since 1985 he has been working as a lens nik.Since2007hehasbeenheadingtheopticalsys-
designeratCarlZeiss.Thereheworkedfordifferent temdesigndepartmentatSwissOpticAGinSwitzer-
departments.Hisareasofinterestspreadoutoverthe land. He is also the prime developer of the optical
whole scope of lens design. He has experience in designsoftwareOpTaliX,andthefounderofOptenso
infraredoptics,telescopes,telescopesystems,micro- formarketingthissoftware.Hehasheldmanytalks
scope objectives, endoscopes, zoom systems and atconferencesandpublishedseveralpapers.
photographiclenses.Hisspecialinterestliesinthe
designprocessofopticalsystems,whichisamixture
of exact science with art. He holds several patents
andhasheldseminarsinlensdesignatCarlZeiss.
He received the title of a Senior Scientist at Carl
Zeissin2006.
VI
Contents of Volume 1
1 Introduction 1
2 ParaxialImaging 5
3 Interfaces 61
4 Materials 111
5 Raytracing 173
6 Radiometry 229
7 LightSources 269
8 SensorTechnologyandSignalProcessing 323
9 TheoryofColorVision 379
10 OpticalSystems 425
11 Aberrations 485
12 WaveOptics 523
13 Plano-opticalComponents 569
14 Gratings 647
15 SpecialComponents 693
16 OpticalMeasurementandTestingTechniques 759
HandbookofOpticalSystems:Vol.4SurveyofOpticalInstruments.EditedbyHerbertGross
Copyright©2008WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:978-3-527-40380-6
VII
Contents of Volume 2
17 TheWaveEquation 1
18 ScalarDiffraction 41
19 InterferenceandCoherence 99
20 TheGeometricalOpticalDescriptionandIncoherentImaging 187
21 TheAbbeTheoryofImaging 239
22 CoherenceTheoryofOpticalImaging 283
23 Three-dimensionalImaging 319
24 ImageExamplesofSelectedObjects 355
25 SpecialSystemExamplesandApplications 409
26 Polarization 465
27 VectorDiffraction 523
28 PolarizationandOpticalImaging 589
A1 MathematicalAppendix 627
VIII
Contents of Volume 3
29 Aberrations 1
30 ImageQualityCriteria 71
31 CorrectionofAberrations 215
32 PrinciplesofOptimization 291
33 OptimizationProcess 371
34 SpecialCorrectionFeatures 431
35 Tolerancing 595
A2 OpticalDesignSoftwareOptaliX 717
IX
Contents
Preface XXIII
Introduction XXV
36 HumanEye 1
36.1 Introduction 3
36.1.1 BasicStructureoftheEye 3
36.1.2 OpticalDataoftheEye 6
36.1.3 NeuronalStructure 8
36.1.4 ThresholdSensitivity 11
36.1.5 MovementsoftheEye 12
36.1.6 Stiles–CrawfordEffect 12
36.1.7 ImageProcessingintheBrain 13
36.2 OpticalSystemoftheEye 16
36.2.1 Accommodation 16
36.2.2 AxesoftheEye 19
36.3 PhotometryandAdaptation 20
36.3.1 Iris 20
36.3.2 Adaptation 21
36.3.3 DarkAdaptation 22
36.3.4 PhotometryoftheEye 23
36.3.5 Dazzling 24
36.3.6 InterpupillaryDistance 25
36.4 SchematicOpticalModelsoftheEye 25
36.4.1 Introduction 25
36.4.2 DataofSomeSchematicEyes 28
36.4.3 SampleCalculations 33
36.5 ColorVision 40
36.5.1 SpectralSensitivityoftheEye 40
36.5.2 TransmissionoftheEye 43
36.6 OpticalPerformanceoftheEye 45
36.6.1 Introduction 45
36.6.2 PointSpreadFunction 45
HandbookofOpticalSystems:Vol.4SurveyofOpticalInstruments.EditedbyHerbertGross
Copyright©2008WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:978-3-527-40380-6