Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology: Acute Ischemic Injury and Repair in the Nervous System

289 Pages·2007·4.94 MB·English

by  C. A. Harrington

Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology
AcuteIschemicInjuryandRepairintheNervousSystem
Abel Lajtha (Ed.)
Handbook of
Neurochemistry and
Molecular Neurobiology
Acute Ischemic Injury and Repair in
the Nervous System
Volume Editor: Pak H. Chan
With55 Figuresand 16Tables
Editor
AbelLajtha
Director
CenterforNeurochemistry
NathanS.KlineInstituteforPsychiatricResearch
140OldOrangeburgRoad
Orangeburg
NewYork,10962
USA
VolumeEditor
PakH.Chan
DirectorNeurosurgicalLaboratories
DepartmentofNeurosurgery
DepartmentofNeurologyandNeurologicalSciences,andPrograminNeurosciences
StanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine
Stanford
California94305-5487
USA
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2006922553
ISBN‐13:978‐0‐387‐30352‐9
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(cid:1)2007SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC.
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Table of Contents
Preface .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. v
Contributors.. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . ix
1 GeneExpressionProfilinginIschemicBrainInjuryandIschemicTolerance . .. 1
C.A.Harrington.S.Stevens.M.Stenzel‐Poore.R.P.Simon
2 NeurobiologyofAIFandPARPinCerebralIschemia . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 19
D.W.Koh.T.M.Dawson.V.L.Dawson
3 iNOSandCOX‐2inIschemicStroke .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 33
P.Zhou.C.Iadecola
4 eNOSandnNOSinStroke . .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 47
P.L.Huang
5 MolecularMechanismsofDNADamageandRepairinIschemic
NeuronalInjury .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 65
F.Sun.G.Gobbel.W.Li.J.Chen
6 Heat‐ShockProteinRegulationofProteinFolding,ProteinDegradation,
ProteinFunction,andApoptosis. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . 89
R.Ran.A.Lu.H.Xu.Y.Tang.F.R.Sharp
7 CotranslationalProteinFoldingandAggregationafterBrainIschemia. .. .. 109
B.R.Hu
8 SuperoxideDismutasesinStroke .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 121
C.M.Maier.P.H.Chan
9 TheRoleofGliainExcitotoxicityandStroke .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 145
T.M.Kauppinen.R.A.Swanson
10 CerebralEndothelialCellReactiontoIschemicInsults .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 165
D.‐IYang.T.‐N.Lin.K.‐J.Yin.C.‐J.Hu.S.‐D.Chen.J.Xu.C.Y.Hsu
11 Gender,SexSteroids,andCerebralIschemicPathobiology .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 185
I.P.Koerner.S.J.Murphy.P.D.Hurn
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viii TableofContents
12 MechanismsofIschemicCellDeathintheDevelopingBrain . . .. .. .. . .. .. 209
Z.S.Vexler.D.M.Ferriero
13 MolecularMechanismsforEarlyBrainInjuryAfterSubarachnoid
Hemorrhage . . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 235
R.P.Ostrowski.A.R.T.Colohan.J.H.Zhang
14 MinocyclineinCerebralIschemiaandExcitotoxicity . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 255
J.Koistinaho.M.Koistinaho
15 MatrixMetalloproteinasesandTissuePlasminogenActivatorReperfusion
TherapyforStroke . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 269
M.M.Ning.J.Montaner.X.Wang.S.‐R.Lee.K.Tsuji.E.Tejima.
A.M.Buchan.E.H.Lo
Index . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. 287
Preface
Strokeisaglobalhealthproblemaffectingapproximately15millionpeopleannuallyintheworldandabout
700,000peopleintheUSA.Itisthethirdleadingcauseofdeathandthemostcommoncauseofdisabilityin
mostdevelopedcountries.Themajorityofstrokesareischemic(thebloodflowtothebrainisblocked),
whereasasmallpercentageofstrokesarehemorrhagic(thebloodvesselsburst).Themolecularandcellular
mechanisms of neuronal death that lead to brain injury and infarction after ischemic stroke have been
intensivelyinvestigatedoverthepastseveraldecades.Theseinvestigationshaveledtoourcurrentunder-
standing of the neurobiology of the disease at the molecular and cellular levels and have provided an
impetus for the development of therapeutic strategies to treat brain injury in patients after an ischemic
stroke.
This volume is intended to provide state‐of‐the‐art and the most up‐to‐date knowledge on the
mechanisms of neuronal death and repair after stroke. It begins with an overview of gene expression
profilinginischemicbraininjuryandischemictoleranceforidentificationofthegenes/proteinsthatare
involvedinneuronaldeathandneuroprotection.Thischapterisfollowedbymajordiscussionsbyleading
experts in the field on the chosen gene/protein candidates that may affect neuronal death and survival.
These candidate proteins include apoptotic‐inducing factor (AIF) and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1
(PARP‐1),induciblenitricoxidesynthase(iNOS)andcyclooxygenase‐2(COX‐2),endothelialnitricoxide
synthase(eNOS),andneuronalnitricoxidesynthase(nNOS).Activationorexpressionoftheseproteinsis
knowntoinduceDNAdamagethatleadstoneuronalapoptosis.Asuccinctoverviewofthemechanismsof
DNAdamageandrepairinischemicneuronsfollows.
Proteinsynthesis,folding,aggregation,anddegradationareknowntoplaymajorrolesinmediatingthe
fateofischemicneuronsandthisaspectisdiscussed,followedbyachapterthatdescribestheneuropro-
tective or apoptotic role of heat shock protein. The neurobiology of superoxide dismutase, the key
endogenousantioxidantenzymeinfreeradicaldetoxificationandsignalinginneuronaldeathorsurvival
after cerebral ischemia is reviewed, and this basic research provided mechanistic support to the recent
successofspintrapNXY‐059inaclinicalstroketrial.
Theneurovascularunit,whichconsistsofmanycelltypes,anditsinteractionandintegrityhaverecently
evolved asprime targets for therapeutic intervention in stroke.Thus, the twochapters that describe the
biologyofglialandcerebralendothelialcellsandtheirroleintheintegrityandrepairoftheneurovascular
unit are of major importance. This is followed by reviews on sex steroids and gender in ischemic
pathobiologyandthemechanismsofischemiccelldeathinthedevelopingbrain.Areviewofthemolecular
mechanisms of cell death following subarachnoid hemorrhage is presented. The basic molecular and
cellular mechanisms of neuroprotection of the antibiotic minocycline, a potential therapeutic agent in
clinical stroke, are clearly reviewed by experts in the field. This chapter is followed by the concluding
chapter,anoutstandingreviewoftherolesofmatrixmetalloproteinasesandtissueplasminogenactivatorin
reperfusiontherapythattargettheneurovascularunitinstroke.
It is our belief that this volume provides an excellent review of the tremendous advances of the
past decades in neurochemical and molecular biological aspects of cerebral ischemia. We hope that
these advances, as communicated through this volume, will provide an impetus for basic scientists and
clinicianstofurthertheirtranslationalresearchandtopromotetheinsightsfordevelopmentoftherapeutic
interventionsforstroke.
PakH.Chan,Ph.D.
Contributors
A.M.Buchan G.Gobbel
ClinicalProteomicsResearchfortheBrainMassachusetts DepartmentofNeurologicalSurgery,University
GeneralHospitalHarvardMedicalSchool,USA ofPittsburghSchoolofMedicine,Pittsburgh,
PA15213,USA
P.H.Chan
DepartmentofNeurosurgery,Departmentof C.A.Harrington
NeurologyandNeurologicalSciences,andProgramin Vaccine&GeneTherapyInstitute,OHSU505NW18th
Neurosciences,StanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine, Avenue,BeavertonOR97006,USA
Stanford,California94305-5487,USA
C.Y.Hsu
S.-D.Chen Chi-ChingHuangStrokeResearchCenter,Taipei
DepartmentofNeurology,ChangGungMemorial MedicalUniversity,Taipei,Taiwan
Hospital,Kaohsiung,Taiwan
B.R.Hu
J.Chen DeptofNeurology,UniversityofMiamiSchoolof
DepartmentofNeurology,UniversityofPittsburgh Medicine,Miami,FL33136,USA
SchoolofMedicine,Pittsburgh,PA15213Geriatric
Research,EducationalandClinicalCenter, C.-J.Hu
V.A.PittsburghHealthCareSystem,Pittsburgh, DepartmentofNeurology,TaipeiMedicalUniversity,
PA15261,USA Taipei,Taiwan
A.R.T.Colohan P.L.Huang
DepartmentofPhysiology,DivisionofNeurosurgery, CardiovascularResearchCenterandCardiology
DepartmentofSurgery,LomaLindaUniversity, Division,MedicalServices,MassachusettsGeneral
LomaLinda,California,USA Hospital,Boston,MA02114,USA
T.M.Dawson P.D.Hurn
InstituteforCellEngineering,Departmentsof DepartmentofAnesthesiologyandtheCenterfor
Neurology,Neuroscience,JohnsHopkinsUniversity ResearchinGender-basedMedicine,OregonHealth
SchoolofMedicine,Baltimore,Maryland21287,USA andSciencesUniversity3181S.W.SamJackson
ParkRd,PortlandOR97239-3098,USA
V.L.Dawson
InstituteforCellEngineering,Departmentsof C.Iadecola
Neurology,Neuroscience,andPhysiology,Johns DivisionofNeurobiologyWeillMedicalCollegeof
HopkinsUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Baltimore, CornellUniversityNewYork,NewYork,USA
Maryland21287,USA
T.M.Kauppinen
D.M.Ferriero DepartmentofNeurology,UniversityofCaliforniaat
DepartmentofNeurologyandPediatrics, University SanFrancisco,andVeteransAffairsMedicalCenter,
CaliforniaSanFrancisco,Box0663,521ParnassusAve. (127)Neurology,VAMC,4150ClementSt.,San
C215,SanFrancisco,CA94143-0663,USA Francisco,CA94121,USA
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2007
x Contributors
I.P.Koerner J.Montaner
DepartmentofAnesthesiologyandtheCenterfor ClinicalProteomicsResearchfortheBrain
ResearchinGender-basedMedicine,OregonHealth MassachusettsGeneralHospitalHarvardMedical
andSciencesUniversity3181S.W.SamJacksonParkRd, School,USA
PortlandOR97239-3098,USA
S.J.Murphy
D.W.Koh DepartmentofAnesthesiologyandtheCenterfor
InstituteforCellEngineering,Departmentsof ResearchinGender-basedMedicine,OregonHealth
Neurology,JohnsHopkinsUniversitySchoolof andSciencesUniversity3181S.W.SamJacksonParkRd,
Medicine,Baltimore,Maryland21287,USA PortlandOR97239-3098,USA
J.Koistinaho M.M.Ning
DepartmentofNeurobiology,A.I.VirtanenInstitute ClinicalProteomicsResearchfortheBrain
forMolecularSciences,UniversityofKuopio, MassachusettsGeneralHospitalHarvardMedical
Neulaniementie2,70210Kuopio,Finlandand School,USA
DepartmentofOncology,KuopioUniversityHospital,
70211Kuopio,Finland
R.P.Ostrowski
DepartmentofPhysiology,DivisionofNeurosurgery,
M.Koistinaho
DepartmentofSurgery,LomaLindaUniversity,Loma
DepartmentofNeurobiology,A.I.VirtanenInstitutefor
Linda,California,USA
MolecularSciences,UniversityofKuopio,
Neulaniementie2,70210Kuopio,Finlandand
R.Ran
CerebriconLtd,Kuopio,Finland
M.I.N.D.InstituteandDepartmentofNeurology,
UniversityofCaliforniaatDavis,280550thStreet,
S.-R.Lee
Sacramento,California95817,USA
ClinicalProteomicsResearchfortheBrainMassachusetts
GeneralHospitalHarvardMedicalSchool,USA
F.R.Sharp
M.I.N.D.InstituteandDepartmentofNeurology,
W.Li
UniversityofCaliforniaatDavis,280550thStreet,
NationalKeyLaboratoryofMedicalNeurobiology,Fudan
Sacramento,California95817,USA
UniversitySchoolofMedicine,Shanghai,P.R.China
R.P.Simon
T.-N.Lin
RobertStoneDowNeurobiologyLaboratories,
InstituteofBiomedicalSciences,AcademiaSinica,
LegacyResearch1225NESecondAvenue,
Taipei,Taiwan
PortlandOR97232,USA
E.H.Lo
ClinicalProteomicsResearchfortheBrain M.Stenzel-Poore
MassachusettsGeneralHospitalHarvardMedical DepartmentofMolecularMicrobiologyand
School,USA Immunology,OregonHealth&SciencesUniversity3181
SWSamJacksonParkRd,PortlandOR97239-3098,USA
A.Lu
M.I.N.D.InstituteandDepartmentofNeurology, S.Stevens
UniversityofCaliforniaatDavis,280550thStreet, DepartmentofMolecularMicrobiologyand
Sacramento,California95817,USA Immunology,OregonHealth&SciencesUniversity3181
SWSamJacksonParkRd,PortlandOR97239-3098,USA
C.M.Maier
DepartmentofNeurosurgery,Departmentof F.Sun
NeurologyandNeurologicalSciences,andProgramin DepartmentofNeurology,DepartmentofNeurological
Neurosciences,StanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine, Surgery,UniversityofPittsburghSchoolofMedicine,
Stanford,California94305-5487,USA Pittsburgh,PA15213,USA
Contributors xi
R.A.Swanson H.Xu
DepartmentofNeurology,UniversityofCalifornia M.I.N.D.InstituteandDepartmentofNeurology,
atSanFrancisco,andVeteransAffairsMedicalCenter, UniversityofCaliforniaatDavis,280550thStreet,
(127)Neurology,VAMC,4150ClementSt.,San Sacramento,California95817,USA
Francisco,CA94121,USA
J.Xu
Y.Tang DepartmentofNeurology,WashingtonUniversity
M.I.N.D.InstituteandDepartmentofNeurology, SchoolofMedicine,St.Louis,Missouri,USA
UniversityofCaliforniaatDavis,280550thStreet,
Sacramento,California95817,USA D.-IYang
InstituteofNeuroscience,TzuChiUniversity,Hualien,
E.Tejima Taiwan
ClinicalProteomicsResearchfortheBrainMassachusetts
GeneralHospitalHarvardMedicalSchool,USA K.-J.Yin
DepartmentofNeurology,WashingtonUniversity
K.Tsuji SchoolofMedicine,St.Louis,Missouri,USA
ClinicalProteomicsResearchfortheBrainMassachusetts
GeneralHospitalHarvardMedicalSchool,USA J.H.Zhang
DepartmentofPhysiology,DivisionofNeurosurgery,
Z.S.Vexler DepartmentofSurgery,LomaLindaUniversity,Loma
DepartmentofNeurology,UniversityCaliforniaSan Linda,California,USA
Francisco,DepartmentofNeurologyBox0663,521
ParnassusAve.C215,SanFrancisco,CA94143-0663,USA P.Zhou
DivisionofNeurobiologyWeillMedicalCollegeof
X.Wang CornellUniversityNewYork,NewYork,USA
ClinicalProteomicsResearchfortheBrainMassachusetts
GeneralHospitalHarvardMedicalSchool,USA
1 Gene Expression Profiling in
Ischemic Brain Injury and Ischemic
Tolerance
C. A. Harrington . S. Stevens . M. Stenzel‐Poore . R. P. Simon
1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 2
2 GeneExpressionProfiling ........................................................................ 2
2.1 GeneChip Technology ............................................................................... 3
2.2 MicroarrayAssay .................................................................................... 3
3 MicroarrayStudies in Ischemia ................................................................. 4
3.1 Post Hoc Analyses ofGenomic Expression Patterns ............................................... 7
4 Characterizingthe ProductsofRegulated Genes ................................................ 8
4.1 Osteopontin ......................................................................................... 8
4.2 Cox‐1 ................................................................................................ 8
5 Elucidating Neuroprotective Pathways .......................................................... 9
5.1 Technical Considerations .......................................................................... 10
5.2 Overview ........................................................................................... 11
5.3 MicroarrayAssay ................................................................................... 11
5.3.1 SamplePreparation ................................................................................ 11
5.3.2 ArrayHybridization ................................................................................ 12
5.3.3 ArrayAssayQuality Assessment ................................................................... 12
5.4 Data Analysis ....................................................................................... 12
5.4.1 Data Preparation ................................................................................... 13
5.4.2 Statistical Analysis andData Exploration ......................................................... 13
5.5 Data Interpretation................................................................................. 14
5.6 Data Integration .................................................................................... 15
5.6.1 Integration ofGeneFunctionClassificationwithMicroarray Data .............................. 15
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2007