Handbook of nanophysics. / no. 7, Nanomedicine and nanorobotics

829 Pages·2009·65.52 MB·English

by  Klaus D Sattler

Handbook of Nanophysics
Handbook of Nanophysics: Principles and Methods
Handbook of Nanophysics: Clusters and Fullerenes
Handbook of Nanophysics: Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots
Handbook of Nanophysics: Nanotubes and Nanowires
Handbook of Nanophysics: Functional Nanomaterials
Handbook of Nanophysics: Nanoelectronics and Nanophotonics
Handbook of Nanophysics: Nanomedicine and Nanorobotics
Nanomedicine Nanorobotics
and
Edited by
Klaus D. Sattler
Boca Raton London New York
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of nanophysics. Nanomedicine and nanorobotics / editor, Klaus D. Sattler.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4200-7546-5 (alk. paper)
1. Nanomedicine. 2. Nanoelectromechanical systems. I. Sattler, Klaus D. II. Title: Nanomedicine and nanorobotics.
R857.N34N353 2009
610.28’4--dc22 2009038060
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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and the CRC Press Web site at
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Contents
Preface........................................................................................................................................................... ix
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................ xi
Editor ..........................................................................................................................................................xiii
Contributors .................................................................................................................................................xv
PART I Nano-Bio Interfacing
1 Quantum Dots: Basics to Biological Applications .............................................................................1-1
Sarwat B. Rizvi, Mo Keshtgar, and Alexander Marcus Seifalian
2 Viral Biology and Nanotechnology ...................................................................................................2-1
Vaibhav Saini and Maaike Everts
3 Nano-Bio Interfacing with Living Cell Biochips ..............................................................................3-1
Yosi Shacham-Diamand, Ronen Almog, Ramiz Daniel, Arthur Rabner, and Rachela Popovtzer
4 Micro- and Nanomechanical Biosensors ...........................................................................................4-1
María Arroyo-Hernández, Priscila M. Kosaka, Johann Mertens, Montserrat Calleja, and Javier Tamayo
5 Enzymatic Nanolithography ..............................................................................................................5-1
Manfred Radmacher
6 Biomimetic Synthesis of Nanostructures Inspired by Biomineralization ........................................6-1
Eike Brunner, Hermann Ehrlich, and Martin Kammer
7 Nanotubes for Biotechnology .............................................................................................................7-1
Jonathan C. G. Jeynes, Vanesa Sanz-Beltran, Johnjoe McFadden, and S. R. P. Silva
8 Nanoscale Forces in Protein Recognition and Adhesion ..................................................................8-1
Deborah Leckband
9 Force Spectroscopy on Cells ..............................................................................................................9-1
Martin Benoit
10 Nanoscale Magnetic Biotransport ................................................................................................... 10-1
Edward P. Furlani
11 Nanomechanical Sensors for Biochemistry and Medicine ..............................................................11-1
Hans Peter Lang and Christoph Gerber
12 Analyzing Individual Biomolecules Using Nanopores ................................................................... 12-1
Meni Wanunu, Gautam V. Soni, and Amit Meller
v
vi Contents
PART II Nanotoxicology
13 Chances and Risks of Nanotechnology ........................................................................................... 13-1
Armin Grunwald
14 Human and Natural Environment Effects of Nanomaterials ..........................................................14-1
Birgit Gaiser, Martin J. D. Clift , Helinor J. Johnston, Matthew S. P. Boyles, and Teresa F. Fernandes
15 Toxicology, Diagnostics, and Therapy Functions of Nanomaterials .............................................. 15-1
Stefano Bellucci
16 Cell Oxidative Stress: Risk of Metal Nanoparticles ........................................................................ 16-1
Marija Poljak-Blazi, Morana Jaganjac, and Neven Zarkovic
17 Fullerene C Toxicology ...................................................................................................................17-1
60
Crystal Y. Usenko, Stacey L. Harper, Michael T. Simonich, and Robert L. Tanguay
PART III Clinical Signifi cance of Nanosystems
18 Pharmacological Significance of Nanoparticles ............................................................................. 18-1
Carlos Medina and Marek W. Radomski
19 Organs from Nanomaterials ............................................................................................................ 19-1
Maqsood Ahmed and Alexander Marcus Seifalian
20 Nanotechnology for Implants ..........................................................................................................20-1
Lijie Zhang and Th omas J. Webster
21 Nanotechnology for the Urologist ....................................................................................................21-1
Hashim Uddin Ahmed, Lyndon Gommersall, Iqbal S. Shergill, Manit Arya, and Mark Emberton
PART IV Medical Imaging
22 Quantum Dots for Nanomedicine ...................................................................................................22-1
Sarah H. Radwan and Hassan M. E. Azzazy
23 Relaxivity of Nanoparticles for Magnetic Resonance Imaging ......................................................23-1
Gustav J. Strijkers and Klaas Nicolay
24 Nanoparticle Contrast Agents for Medical Imaging.......................................................................24-1
David P. Cormode, Willem J. M. Mulder, and Zahi A. Fayad
25 Optical Nanosensors for Medicine and Health Effect Studies .......................................................25-1
Tuan Vo-Dinh and Yan Zhang
PART V Drug Delivery
26 Multifunctional Pharmaceutical Nanocarriers ...............................................................................26-1
Vladimir P. Torchilin
27 Nanotechnology and Drug Delivery .................................................................................................27-1
Fahima Dilnawaz, Sarbari Acharya, Ranjita Misra, Abhalaxmi Singh, and Sanjeeb Kumar Sahoo
28 Targeting Magnetic Particles for Drug Delivery .............................................................................28-1
Javed Ally and Alidad Amirfazli
29 Biodegradable Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery .............................................................................29-1
Jason Park and Tarek M. Fahmy
Contents vii
PART VI Response to Nanomaterials
30 Uptake of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles by Mammalian Cells and Plants.....................................30-1
Pu-Chun Ke, Sijie Lin, Jason Reppert, Apparao M. Rao, and Hong Luo
31 Penetration of Metallic Nanomaterials in Skin ...............................................................................31-1
Biancamaria Baroli
32 Nanoparticulate Systems and the Dermal Barrier .......................................................................... 32-1
Frank Stracke and Marc Schneider
33 Cellular Response to Continuous Nanostructures ......................................................................... 33-1
Kevin J. Chalut, Karina Kulangara, and Kam W. Leong
PART VII Cancer Therapy
34 Nanotechnology for Targeting Cancer ............................................................................................ 34-1
Venkataramanan Soundararajan and Ram Sasisekharan
35 Cancer Nanotechnology: Targeting Tumors with Nanoparticles ................................................... 35-1
Erem Bilensoy
36 Gold Nanoparticles for Plasmonic Photothermal Cancer Therapy ................................................36-1
Xiaohua Huang, Ivan H. El-Sayed, and Mostafa A. El-Sayed
37 Fullerenes in Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer ..............................................................................37-1
Pawel Mroz, Ying-Ying Huang, Tim Wharton, and Michael R. Hamblin
PART VIII Quantum Engines and Nanomotors
38 Energy Transport and Heat Production in Quantum Engines .......................................................38-1
Liliana Arrachea and Michael Moskalets
39 Artificial Chemically Powered Nanomotors ................................................................................... 39-1
Yu-Guo Tao and Raymond Kapral
40 Nanobatteries ...................................................................................................................................40-1
Dale Teeters and Paige L. Johnson
41 Nanoheaters .......................................................................................................................................41-1
Christian Falconi
PART IX Nanorobotics
42 Atomic-Force-Microscopy-Based Nanomanipulation Systems ...................................................... 42-1
Cagdas D. Onal, Onur Ozcan, and Metin Sitti
43 Nanomanipulation and Nanorobotics with the Atomic Force Microscope ...................................43-1
Robert W. Stark
44 Nanorobotic Manipulation ..............................................................................................................44-1
Lixin Dong and Bradley J. Nelson
45 MRI-Guided Nanorobotic Systems for Drug Delivery ...................................................................45-1
Panagiotis Vartholomeos, Matthieu Fruchard, Antoine Ferreira, and Constantinos Mavroidis
viii Contents
46 Medical Micro- and Nanorobots .....................................................................................................46-1
Sylvain Martel
47 Nanohandling Robot Cells ................................................................................................................47-1
Sergej Fatikow, Th omas Wich, Christian Dahmen, Daniel Jasper, Christian Stolle, Volkmar Eichhorn, Saskia
Hagemann, and Michael Weigel-Jech
Index ....................................................................................................................................................Index-1
Preface
Th e Handbook of Nanophysics is the fi rst comprehensive ref- interdisciplinary projects and incorporate the theory and method-
erence to consider both fundamental and applied aspects of ology of other fi elds into their work. It is intended for readers from
nanophysics. As a unique feature of this work, we requested diverse backgrounds, from math and physics to chemistry, biology,
contributions to be submitted in a tutorial style, which means and engineering.
that state-of-the-art scientifi c content is enriched with funda- Th e introduction to each chapter should be comprehensible to
mental equations and illustrations in order to facilitate wider general readers. However, further reading may require familiar-
access to the material. In this way, the handbook should be of ity with basic classical, atomic, and quantum physics. For stu-
value to a broad readership, from scientifi cally interested gen- dents, there is no getting around the mathematical background
eral readers to students and professionals in materials science, necessary to learn nanophysics. You should know calculus, how
solid-state physics, electrical engineering, mechanical engi- to solve ordinary and partial diff erential equations, and have
neering, computer science, chemistry, pharmaceutical science, some exposure to matrices/linear algebra, complex variables, and
biotechnology, molecular biology, biomedicine, metallurgy, vectors.
and environmental engineering.
External Review
What Is Nanophysics?
All chapters were extensively peer reviewed by senior scien-
Modern physical methods whose fundamentals are developed tists working in nanophysics and related areas of nanoscience.
in physics laboratories have become critically important in Specialists reviewed the scientifi c content and nonspecialists
nanoscience. Nanophysics brings together multiple disciplines, ensured that the contributions were at an appropriate technical
using theoretical and experimental methods to determine the level. For example, a physicist may have been asked to review a
physical properties of materials in the nanoscale size range chapter on a biological application and a biochemist to review one
(measured by millionths of a millimeter). Interesting properties on nanoelectronics.
include the structural, electronic, optical, and thermal behavior
of nanomaterials; electrical and thermal conductivity; the forces Organization
between nanoscale objects; and the transition between classical
and quantum behavior. Nanophysics has now become an inde- Th e Handbook of Nanophysics consists of seven books. Chapters
pendent branch of physics, simultaneously expanding into many in the fi rst four books (Principles and Methods, Clusters and
new areas and playing a vital role in fi elds that were once the Fullerenes, Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots, and Nanotubes
domain of engineering, chemical, or life sciences. and Nanowires) describe theory and methods as well as the
Th is handbook was initiated based on the idea that break- fundamental physics of nanoscale materials and structures.
throughs in nanotechnology require a fi rm grounding in the Although some topics may appear somewhat specialized,
principles of nanophysics. It is intended to fulfi ll a dual purpose. On they have been included given their potential to lead to better
the one hand, it is designed to give an introduction to established technologies. Th e last three books (Functional Nanomaterials,
fundamentals in the fi eld of nanophysics. On the other hand, it Nanoelectronics and Nanophotonics, and Nanomedicine and
leads the reader to the most signifi cant recent developments in Nanorobotics) deal with the technological applications of nano-
research. It provides a broad and in-depth coverage of the phys- physics. Th e chapters are written by authors from various fi elds
ics of nanoscale materials and applications. In each chapter, the of nanoscience in order to encourage new ideas for future fun-
aim is to off er a didactic treatment of the physics underlying the damental research.
applications alongside detailed experimental results, rather than Aft er the fi rst book, which covers the general principles of
focusing on particular applications themselves. theory and measurements of nanoscale systems, the organization
Th e handbook also encourages communication across bor- roughly follows the historical development of nanoscience. Cluster
ders, aiming to connect scientists with disparate interests to begin scientists pioneered the fi eld in the 1980s, followed by extensive
ix
x Preface
work on fullerenes, nanoparticles, and quantum dots in the 1990s. and top-down techniques for nanomaterial and nanostructure
Research on nanotubes and nanowires intensifi ed in subsequent g eneration were developed and made possible the development of
years. Aft er much basic research, the interest in applications such nanoelectronics and nanophotonics. In recent years, real applica-
as the functions of nanomaterials has grown. Many bottom-up tions for nanomedicine and nanorobotics have been discovered.