Table Of Contenthandbook of
nanoindentation
with biological applications
V065tp.indd 1 8/5/10 2:38 PM
handbook of
nanoindentation
with biological applications
editor
michelle l. oyen
University of Cambridge, UK
V065tp.indd 2 8/5/10 2:38 PM
Published by
Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
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8 Temasek Boulevard
Singapore 038988
Email: [email protected]
Web: www.panstanford.com
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
HANDBOOK OF NANOINDENTATION WITH BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
Copyright © 2011by Pan Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by
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ISBN978-981-4241-89-2(Hardcover)
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Printed in Singapore.
Preface
This book represents a first attempt to aggregate the recent literature
concerning nanoindentation testing of biological materials. The topic has
grown quickly in the last decade, and has been the subject of a number of
recent conference symposia and journal issues; many of these included
contributions by one or more of the chapter authors represented here. The
field is developing rapidly, and it is inevitable that by the time this book
is published there will have been many (if not hundreds) of new technical
papers on this subject.
For this reason, this volume has been focussed on general
principles, instead of specific results, wherever possible. Following an
introduction, the volume is divided into two parts. In the first part,
Chapters 2-6, fundamental contact mechanics principles underlying the
nanoindentation technique are explored in the context of biological
materials. Although biological materials are the focus here, the content of
these chapters is equally applicable in the context of polymers, hydrogels
and other non-biological systems with mechanical properties in the range
of those found in natural systems.
The second part of the book, Chapters 7-10, examines examples
of specific biological systems in which nanoindentation testing has
been a key tool in explicating nanomechanical structure-properties
relationships. These chapters are not intended to be comprehensive
reviews of the literature on any one topic. Instead, they are meant to be
instructive examples, demonstrating the potential for nanoindentation
methods in these and other biological systems, while investigating
the challenges associated with application of the technique to such
systems.
v
vi Preface
I am grateful to the chapter authors for their contributions and
for their overall enthusiasm with, and participation in, the process
of bringing this volume together. With the fast-paced growth of
nanoindentation in recent years, this effort represents only a first broad
view of the field. I am inspired by having had the opportunity to work
on this project with some true pioneers of nanomechanics.
Michelle L. Oyen
Cambridge University
Engineering Department
Cambridge, UK
2 June, 2010
Contents
Preface v
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Tamaryn A.V. Shean, Michelle L. Oyen and Michael F. Ashby
Chapter 2 Indentation and Adhesion at Small Length Scales 23
Robert F. Cook
Chapter 3 Instrumentation and Experimentation 39
Krystyn J. Van Vliet
Chapter 4 Mechanics of Adhesion 77
Robert F. Cook
Chapter 5 Mechanics of Indentation 123
Michelle L. Oyen
Chapter 6 Computational Modeling of Indentation 153
Xi Chen
Chapter 7 Nanoindentation of Bone 185
Virginia L. Ferguson and Sara E. Olesiak
Chapter 8 Nanoindentation of Tooth Tissues 239
Li-Hong He and Michael V. Swain
Chapter 9 Nanoindentation of Soft Tissues and Other 279
Biological Materials
Donna M. Ebenstein
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 10 Cells and Membranes 325
Kuo-Kang Liu and Kai-Tak Wan
Chapter 11 Conclusions and Outlook 351
Michelle L. Oyen
Index 357
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Tamaryn A.V. Shean, Michelle I. Oyen and Michael F. Ashby
Department of Engineering, Cambridge University
E-mail: [email protected]
This introductory chapter provides background to motivate the study of
biological materials with nanoindentation techniques. The reasoning
behind investigations of the mechanical behavior of biological
materials is introduced, as are the particular reasons for conducting
these investigations at small physical length-scales. A taxonomy for
biological materials is presented, emphasizing a top-down hierarchical
system for classification, from organs to tissues and down in scale,
including the molecular building blocks for both cells and extracellular
matrix material. Typical implementation of nanoindentation testing is
described and limitations in applying the technique to biological
systems are presented. This overview motivates the content contained
in the remainder of this volume, including investigation of fundamental
contact mechanics principles appropriate to biological systems and
application of nanoindentation techniques to the characterization of
biological materials.
1. Introduction
There are many naturally occurring materials with fundamental
mechanical functions. Both people and plants have structural skeletons;
many shells and some bones (i.e. the ribcage and skull) provide
protection for delicate organisms or internal organs. There has been
recent growth in the measurement of mechanical properties of natural
materials with structural functions,1-4 in the context of trying to
understand how these materials respond to mechanical forces and
1
2
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Figure 1-1. Shows the history of Biomechanics, prior to the 1960s boom, in which Professor Y.C. Fung and others helped establish the field
as an autonomous scientific discipline.
Introduction 3
deformations. In addition to trying to gain fundamental physical
understanding, there are direct applications in fields such as medicine, an
example being the use of mechanical assays for diagnosis of disease.
In the context of human and medical applications, research on
mechanical functioning of biological materials is often labeled
“biomechanics”. The recent history of biomechanics extends back to
1452, with Leonardo da Vinci (Fig. 1-1) in work that included
investigations at dominantly macroscopic length-scales, including the
description of whole-body motion, experiments on the mechanical
responses of organs and tissues, and the development of continuum-
based constitutive laws to describe tissue behavior. The pioneering
work of “the Father of Biomechanics,” Professor Y.C. Fung,5,6 helped
establish the field as an autonomous scientific discipline within the
broader field of bioengineering.
Investigation of mechanical behavior of natural materials not
associated with human medicine is a field that has largely developed in
parallel to traditional (medically-oriented) biomechanics. These distinct
fields, however, have begun to merge as research has increasingly
focused on fundamental length-scales, as shown in Fig. 1-2. The study of
natural materials—either in a medical or a basic science context—is
expanding with the application of modern materials characterization
techniques, many developed for probing materials and many for imaging
at the atomic and molecular scale, to the study of biological systems
(Fig. 1-2). The introduction of materials science techniques to the study
of biomechanics has also been associated with the application of
materials science philosophy to biological problems: focus has shifted
subtly from purely mechanical explorations to investigations concerned
with structure-property relationships. New and developing subspecialties
have appeared including multi-scale theoretical modeling of hierarchical
biological structures, nanoindentation and nanotribology of biological
materials, nanomechanics of individual biological constituents, single
cell mechanics, and examination of bioadhesion and biolubrication.
The recent interest in studying mechanics of natural materials is
combined with a growing interest in biomimetic materials synthesis
for the creation of robust, and in many cases mechanically-functional,
