Table Of ContentMotoichi Ohtsu
Editor
Handbook of
Nano-Optics
and
Nanophotonics
1 3
Reference
HandbookofNano-OpticsandNanophotonics
Motoichi Ohtsu
Editor
Handbook of
Nano-Optics and
Nanophotonics
With732Figuresand24Tables
Editor
MotoichiOhtsu
GraduateSchoolofEngineering
TheUniversityofTokyo
Tokyo,Japan
ISBN978-3-642-31065-2 ISBN978-3-642-31066-9(eBook)
ISBN978-3-642-31067-6(printandelectronicbundle)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-31066-9
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013936745
©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
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Preface
Recent advances in photonic systems demand drastic increases in the degree of
integrationofphotonicdevicesforlarge-capacity,ultrahigh-speedsignaltransmis-
sionandinformationprocessing.Devicesize hastobescaleddowntonanometric
dimensions to meet this requirement, which will become even more strict in
the future. Moreover, the equipment used for fabricating photonic devices must
drastically decrease the size of the fabricated patterns in order to achieve ultra-
large-scaleintegratedcircuits. However,these requirementscannotbe meteven if
thephysicaldimensionsofmaterialstructuresaredecreasedbyadvancedmethods
based on nanotechnology.It is also essential to decrease the spatial extent of the
electromagnetic field used as a carrier for signal transmission, processing, and
fabrication.Reducingtheelectromagneticfieldtodimensionsbeyondthediffraction
limitofpropagatingfieldispossiblebyusingopticalnearfields.Nano-opticsdeals
withthelightgeneratedinoronnanometer-sizedparticles.Theconceptshavebeen
applied to open up an innovative field of technology “nanophotonics” allowing
the development of novel photonic devices, fabrication techniques, and systems.
Nanophotonics,proposedbytheauthorin1993,isanovelopticaltechnologythat
exploitstheuniquepropertiesoftheopticalnear-fieldordressedphoton.
The interest in nanophotonics is due not only to its ability to meet the above
requirementsbutalsotoitsqualitativeinnovationsinphotonicdevices,fabrication
techniques,energyconversion,andinformationprocessingsystemsbyutilizingthe
novel functions and phenomena made possible by optical near-field interactions,
which are otherwise impossible with conventional propagating light. Based on
interdisciplinary studies involving condensed-matter physics, optical science, and
quantumfieldtheory,nano-materialsandopticalenergytransferinthenanometric
regime have been extensively studied in the last two decades. Through these
studies,noveldressedphotontheorieshavebeendeveloped,andavarietyofnovel
phenomenahave been found.The results of this basic research have been applied
to develop nanometer-sized photonic devices, nanometer-resolution fabrication
techniques, highly efficient energy conversion, and novel information processing,
resultinginqualitativeinnovations.Furtheradvancementintheseareasisexpected
to createnovelopticalsciences in the nanometricdomain,whichwill spur further
progressinnanophotonicsthatwillhelptosupportthesustainabledevelopmentof
people’slivesallovertheworld.
v
vi Preface
This unique text “Handbook of Nano-optics and Nanophotonics” has been
published to review the results of advanced studies in the field of nanophotonics
andcoversthemostrecenttopicsoftheoreticalandexperimentalinterestinrelevant
fields. It is composed of six parts, and the chapters in these parts are written by
leadingscientistsintherelevantfield.Thus,thishandbookwillprovidehigh-quality
scientific and technical information to scientists, engineers, and students who are
orwillbeengagedinnanophotonicsresearch.Eachchapteroriginallyappearedin
the monograph series “Progress in Nano-Electro-Optics I–VII” and “Progress in
NanophotonicsI”(editedbyM.Ohtsu,publishedintheSpringerSeriesinOptical
Science). The content of each original article has been revised, expanded, and
updatedforinclusioninthishandbook.
IamgratefultoDr.C.AscheronofSpringer-Verlagforhisguidanceandsugges-
tionsthroughoutthepreparationofthishandbook.Thishandbookispublishedwith
thesupportofProf.T.YatsuioftheUniversityofTokyo,anassociateeditor.Ihope
thatthishandbookwillbe a valuableresourceforreadersandfuturespecialists in
nanophotonics.
April2013 MotoichiOhtsu
Tokyo,Japan
About the Editor
Motoichi Ohtsu Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo,
Tokyo,Japan
MotoichiOhtsureceivedhisDr. Eng.degreeinElectronicsEngineeringfromthe
TokyoInstitute ofTechnology,Tokyo,in 1978.He wasfirstappointedasresearch
associate,thenasassociateprofessor,andfinallyasprofessorattheTokyoInstitute
of Technology. From 1986 to 1987, while on leave from the Tokyo Institute of
Technology, he joined the Crawford Hill Laboratory, AT&T Bell Laboratories,
Holmdel, New Jersey, USA. In 2004, he moved to the University of Tokyo as a
professor.Hehasbeentheleaderofthe“PhotonControl”project(1993–1998:the
KanagawaAcademyofScienceandTechnology,Kanagawa,Japan),the“Localized
Photon” project (1998–2003: ERATO, JST, Japan), the “Terabyte Optical
Storage Technology” project (2002–2006: NEDO, Japan), the “Near Field
Optical LithographySystem” project (2004–2006:Ministry of Education, Japan),
the “Nanophotonics” team (2003–2009: SORST, JST, Japan), the “Innovative
Nanophotonics Components Development” project (2006–2011: NEDO, Japan),
and the “Nanophotonics Total Expansion: Industry-University Cooperation and
HumanResourceDevelopment”project(2006–2011:NEDO,Japan).
vii
viii AbouttheEditor
Dr. Ohtsu has written over 470 papers and received 83 patents. He is the
author, co-author, and editor of 62 books, including 27 in English. In 2000, he
was appointedas President of the IEEE LEOS Japan Chapter. From 2000, he has
beenanexecutivedirectoroftheJapanSocietyofAppliedPhysics.Hismainfield
of interests are the nanophotonics and dressed photon technology. Dr. Ohtsu is a
fellow of the Optical Society of America and a fellow of the Japan Society of
Applied Physics. He is also a tandem member of the Science Council of Japan.
He has been awarded 14 prizes from academic institutions, including the Issac
Koga Gold Medal of URSI in 1984; the Japan IBM Science Award in 1988; two
awards from the Japan Society of Applied Physics in 1982 and 1990; the Inoue
Science FoundationAward in 1999;the Japan Royal Medalwith a Purple Ribbon
fromtheJapaneseGovernmentin2004;theH.InoueAwardfromJSTin2005;the
Distinguished Achievement Award from the Institute of Electronics, Information
andCommunicationEngineeringofJapanin2007;andtheJuliusSpringerPrizefor
AppliedPhysicsin2009.
Contents
Volume 1
1 Introduction ................................................................ 1
MotoichiOhtsu
PartI PrincipleandTheoreticalBackground:::::::::::::::::::::::: 9
2 ClassicalTheoryofOpticalNearField.................................. 11
ItsukiBanno
3 OpticalNear-FieldInteractionsandYukawaPotential................ 65
KiyoshiKobayashi,SuguruSangu,andMotoichiOhtsu
4 A Phenomenological Description of Optical Near
FieldsandOpticalPropertiesofN Two-LevelSystems
InteractingwithOpticalNearFields .................................... 109
Akira Shojiguchi, Kiyoshi Kobayashi,Suguru Sangu,
KazuoKitahara,andMotoichiOhtsu
5 TheoryandPrinciplesofOperationofNanophotonic
FunctionalDevices......................................................... 187
SuguruSangu, Kiyoshi Kobayashi, Akira Shojiguchi,
TadashiKawazoe,andMotoichiOhtsu
6 QuantumDescriptionofOpticalNearFieldsIncluding
VibrationalDegreesofFreedom.......................................... 251
KiyoshiKobayashi,YujiTanaka,TadashiKawazoe,and
MotoichiOhtsu
PartII BasicTools:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 279
7 Near-FieldOpticalFiberProbesandtheApplicationsI .............. 281
ShujiMononobe
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