Handbook of MRI Pulse Sequences

1039 Pages·2004·44.522 MB·English

by  Matt A. Bernstein, Kevin F. King, Xiaohong Joe Zhou

HANDBOOK OF
MRI
PULSE SEQUENCES
MATT A. BERNSTEIN, PH.D.
Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic and
Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
Rochester, Minnesota
KEVIN F. KING, PH.D.
GE Healthcare
Waukesha, Wisconsin
XIAOHONG JOE ZHOU, PH.D.
University of Illinois Medical Center
Chicago, Illinois
ELSEVIER
ACADEMIC
PRESS
Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London New York Oxford
Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo
Nothing in this book implies endorsement by Mayo Foundation or University of Illinois of
any medical equipment manufacturer.
Elsevier Academic Press
200 Wheeler Road, 6th Floor, Burlington, MA 01803, USA
525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA
84 Theobald's Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK
This book is printed on acid-flee paper.
Copyright (cid:14)9 2004, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information
storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier's Science & Technology Rights
Department in Oxford, UK: phone: [phone], fax: [phone],
e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line
via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting "Customer Support"
and then "Obtaining Permissions."
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Application submitted
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN- 13: 978- 0-12-092861-3
ISBN-10: 0-12-092861-2
For all information on all Elsevier Academic Press publications
visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com
Printed in the United States of America
05 06 07 08 09 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
To Rhoda, Juliet, Sara, and Lee
M.A.B.
To Sherry and our son Christopher
x.J.Z.
To Beth
K.EK.
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
CONTENTS
Forewords
Richard L. Ehman xiii
Paul C. Lauterbur xv
Preface xvii
PART I: BACKGROUND
Introduction 3
CHAPTER 1
TOOLS
1.1 Fourier Transforms (M.A. Bernstein) 5
1.2 Rotating Reference Frame (X.J. Zhou) 21
PART II: RADIOFREQUENCYP ULSES
Introduction 31
CHAPTER 2
RADIOFREQUENCY PULSE SHAPES
2.1 Rectangular Pulses (K.E King) 35
2.2 SINC Pulses (M.A. Bernstein) 37
vii
viii CONTENTS
2.3 SLR Pulses (M.A. Bernstein) 43
2.4 Variable-Rate Pulses (M.A. Bernstein) 58
CHAPTER 3
BASIC RADIOFREQUENCY PULSE FUNCTIONS
3.1 Excitation Pulses (M.A. Bernstein) 67
3.2 Inversion Pulses (X.J. Zhou) 77
3.3 Refocusing Pulses (X.J. Zhou) 84
CHAPTER 4
SPECTRAL RADIOFREQUENCY PULSES
4.1 Composite Radiofrequency Pulses (K.E King) 96
4.2 Magnetization Transfer Pulses (M.A. Bernstein) 103
4.3 Spectrally Selective Pulses (X.J. Zhou) 115
CHAPTER 5
SPATIAL RADIOFREQUENCY PULSES
5.1 Multidimensional Pulses (M.A. Bernstein) 125
5.2 Ramp (TONE) Pulses (M.A. Bernstein) 138
5.3 Spatial Saturation Pulses (K.E King) 148
5.4 Spatial-Spectral Pulses (M.A. Bernstein) 153
5.5 Tagging Pulses (X.J. Zhou) 164
CHAPTER 6
ADIABATIC RADIOFREQUENCY PULSES
6.1 Adiabatic Excitation Pulses (X.J. Zhou) 177
6.2 Adiabatic Inversion Pulses (X.J. Zhou) 189
6.3 Adiabatic Refocusing Pulses (X.J. Zhou) 200
CONTENTS ix
PART III: GRADIENTS
Introduction 215
CHAPTER 7
GRADIENT LOBE SHAPES
7.1 Simple Gradient Lobes (M.A. Bernstein) 219
7.2 Bridged Gradient Lobes (M.A. Bernstein) 222
7.3 Gradients for Oblique Acquisitions (M.A. Bernstein) 228
CHAPTER 8
IMAGING GRADIENTS
8.1 Frequency-Encoding Gradients (X.J. Zhou) 243
8.2 Phase-Encoding Gradients (K.E King) 256
8.3 Slice Selection Gradients (M.A. Bernstein) 266
CHAPTER 9
MOTION-SENSITIZING GRADIENTS
9.1 Diffusion-Weighting Gradients (X.J. Zhou) 274
9.2 Flow-Encoding Gradients (M.A. Bernstein) 281
CHAPTER 10
CORRECTION GRADIENTS
10.1 Concomitant-Field Correction Gradients (X.J. Zhou) 292
10.2 Crusher Gradients (X.J. Zhou) 305
10.3 Eddy-Current Compensation (K.E King) 316
10.4 Gradient Moment Nulling (M.A. Bernstein) 331
10.5 Spoiler Gradients (X.J. Zhou) 349
10.6 Twister (Projection Dephaser) Gradients
(M.A. Bernstein) 357
x CONTENTS
PART IV: DATA ACQUISITION, K-SPACE
S AMPLING~ AND IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION
Introduction 365
CHAPTER ll
SIGNAL ACQUISITION AND K-SPACE SAMPLING
11.1 Bandwidth and Sampling (K.E King) 367
11.2 k-Space (K.E King) 378
11.3 Keyhole, BRISK, and TRICKS (K.E King) 383
11.4 Real-Time Imaging (M.A. Bernstein) 394
11.5 Two-Dimensional Acquisition (X.J. Zhou) 405
11.6 Three-Dimensional Acquisition (M.A. Bernstein) 424
CHAPTER 12
BASICS OF PHYSIOLOGIC GATING, TRIGGERING, AND MONITORING
12.1 Cardiac Triggering (M.A. Bernstein) 443
12.2 Navigators (K.F. King) 454
12.3 Respiratory Gating and Compensation (X.J. Zhou) 473
CHAPTER 13
COMMON IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
13.1 Fourier Reconstruction (K.E King) 491
13.2 Gridding Reconstruction (K.E King) 506
13.3 Parallel-Imaging Reconstruction (K.E King) 522
13.4 Partial Fourier Reconstruction (K.E King) 546
13.5 Phase Difference Reconstruction (M.A. Bernstein) 558
13.6 View Sharing (M.A. Bernstein) 567
PART V: PULSE SEQUENCES
Introduction 575
CONTENTS xi
CHAPTER 14
BASIC PULSE SEQUENCES
14.1 Gradient Echo (M.A. Bernstein) 579
14.2 Inversion Recovery (X.J. Zhou) 606
14.3 Radiofrequency Spin Echo (M.A. Bernstein) 630
CHAPTER 15
ANGIOGRAPHIC PULSE SEQUENCES
15.1 Black Blood Angiography (M.A. Bernstein) 648
15.2 Phase Contrast (M.A. Bernstein) 659
15.3 TOF and CEMRA (M.A. Bernstein) 678
CHAPTER 16
ECHO TRAIN PULSE SEQUENCES
16.1 Echo Planar Imaging (X.J. Zhou) 702
16.2 GRASE (K.E King) 740
16.3 PRESTO (M.A. Bernstein) 763
16.4 RARE (X.J. Zhou) 774
CHAPTER 17
ADVANCED PULSE SEQUENCE TECHNIQUES
17.1 Arterial Spin Tagging (X.J. Zhou) 802
17.2 Diffusion Imaging (X.J. Zhou) 830
17.3 Dixon's Method (K.E King) 857
17.4 Driven Equilibrium (K.E King) 888
17.5 Projection Acquisition (K.E King) 897
17.6 Spiral (K.E King) 928
Appendix I: Table of Symbols 955
Appendix II: Table of Constants and Conversion Factors 960
Appendix III: Common Abbreviations 963
Index 965