Handbook of Metamaterial-Derived Frequency Selective Surfaces

744 Pages·2023·36.986 MB·English

by  Shiv Narayan, Arun Kesavan

Metamaterials Science and Technology
Series Editors: Balamati Choudhury
Vinod K. Tewary
Shiv Narayan
Arun Kesavan
Editors
Handbook of
Metamaterial-
Derived
Frequency
Selective
Surfaces
Metamaterials Science and Technology
SeriesEditors
BalamatiChoudhury,CSIR-NationalAerospaceLaboratories(CSIR-NAL)
Kodihalli,PrincipalScientist,CentreforElectromagnetics(CEM),Bangalore,
Karnataka,India
VinodK.Tewary,NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology,Applied
ChemicalsandMaterialsDivision,Boulder,USA
This Series of Handbooks focuses on all aspects of the emerging field of Meta-
materialScienceandTechnology.
Metamaterials are artificially constructed materials exhibiting unique EM prop-
erties, which are generally not found in nature. In case of electromagnetic wave
propagation through metamaterials, the electric field vector E, the magnetic field
vectorH,andthewavevectorkconstitutealeft-handedtriplet.Thisisnotthecase
for naturally occurring materials. Many basic electromagnetic phenomena, such as
Doppler shift, Snell’s law, and Cherenkov radiation get reversed in metamaterials.
These unusual but potentially useful properties open up unique possibilities to
implementthisnovelstructureinnumerousapplicationssuchas,lensesandantennas
design,imagingwithsuper-resolution,microwavedevices,dispersioncompensating
interconnects,radars,andmostimportantlyintheseeminglysci-fiareaofinvisibility
cloaking.
Thehandbookseriescoversalltheaspectsofmetamaterialscienceandtechnol-
ogy from theoretical modeling to fabrication techniques, and from measurements
procedurestohardwarerealization.Eachvolumeinthisseriesiseditedbyexperts,
withmoreglobalexpertscontributingchaptersbasedontheirwork.Thevolumesin
thisserieswillproveusefultoresearchersandpracticingengineersalike.
(cid:129)
Shiv Narayan Arun Kesavan
Editors
Handbook of
Metamaterial-Derived
Frequency Selective
Surfaces
With506Figuresand33Tables
Editors
ShivNarayan ArunKesavan
CentreforElectromagnetics TallysmanWirelessInc.
CSIR-NationalAerospaceLaboratories Ottawa,ON,Canada
Bangalore,Karnataka,India
ISSN2523-7942 ISSN2523-7950(electronic)
MetamaterialsScienceandTechnology
ISBN978-981-16-6440-3 ISBN978-981-16-6441-0(eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6441-0
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2022
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe
materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,
broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation
storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology
nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication
doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant
protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook
arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe
editorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrors
oromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaims
inpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
To the supreme God who has given us energy,
enthusiasm, and patience to complete this
book.
Series Preface
Metamaterials are artificially constructed materials exhibiting unique electromag-
neticproperties,whicharegenerallynotfoundinnature.Incaseofelectromagnetic
wave propagation through a metamaterial, the electric field vector E, the magnetic
field vector H, and the wave vector k constitute a left-handed triplet that is not the
casefornaturallyoccurringmaterials.Manybasicelectromagneticphenomena,such
as Doppler shift, Snell’s law, Cherenkov radiation, get reversed in metamaterials.
These unusual but potentially useful properties open up unique possibilities to
implement this novel structure in numerous applications such as lenses and anten-
nas’design,imagingwithsuper-resolution,microwavedevices,dispersioncompen-
sating interconnects, radar, and most importantly the dream come true research of
invisibilitycloaking.
Theemergenceofartificialmaterialsduringthe1950sand1960shasopenedup
theareaofdevelopmentofnewstructureswithunusualelectromagneticproperties.
Recentexperimentaldemonstrationofartificialmaterialswithnegativeconstitutive
parametershasresultedinanewscienceandtechnologyofmaterials.Ithascreated
an entirely new class of materials, called metamaterials. These new materials have
themostfascinatingphysicalproperties.Sincethen,thestudyofmetamaterialshas
evolvedintoasubjectofintenseinterest.
Over 45 years ago, a Russian theorist Prof. Veselago proposed such a kind of
hypotheticalmaterial.Aftertherealizationofmetamaterialsin2001byProf.David
R. Smith, this fieldhasreceivedconsiderableattentionfrom many researchgroups
worldwide.Asthistechnologyisgoingtobethehigh-performancecontributorover
the entire wave spectrum, ranging from acoustic to microwave and to optical, a
handbook series covering all the applications toward hardware realization is of
intenseinteresttothescientificcommunity.Theaimofthishandbookseriesisjust
that.Itwillcoveralmostallaspectsofmetamaterialscienceandtechnology,starting
from theoretical modeling, fabrication techniques, and measurement procedures to
hardwarerealization.
Thetentativeplanforthishandbookseriesistobringout10volumes,comprising
modelingandsimulation,nano-metamaterials,metamaterial-basedfrequencyselec-
tive surfaces, metamaterial antennas, photonic metamaterials, invisibility cloaking,
etc.Theeditorsofthesehandbookseriesvolumeswillbechosenfromthepioneers/
leaders of the Metamaterial Science and Technology Platform. Each volume will
vii
viii SeriesPreface
provide complete guidelines of the respective metamaterial technology and up-to-
dateliteraturereferences.
We are confident that this handbook series will be very useful to researchers,
students, and engineers, engaged in various applications of metamaterials over a
wide frequency spectrum, covering microwave, terahertz, infrared, and optical
frequencies. We are indebted to Late Dr. Rakesh Mohan Jha, the founder and
Chief Scientist of Centre for Electromagnetics, CSIR-NAL, for envisaging this
handbookseriesforresearchersofthenextgeneration.
Volume Preface
It was inmy mind for a long time tocontribute a book on metamaterial-frequency
selectivesurfaces(MTM-FSS).Forthis,Iwaswaitingtobematureinthisareaand
now I have more than 10 years of experience in the design and development of
frequencyselective surfaces (usingconventional aswell as metamaterialelements)
for aerospace applications. Meanwhile, my colleague Dr. Balamati Choudhury
(Series editor of Metamaterial Science and Technology) offered me to edit a book
onmetamaterial-frequencyselectivesurfacesandIacceptedtheoffer.Toaccomplish
such an endeavor, I requested my very dynamic and talented student, Dr. Arun
KesavanfromINRS,UniversityofQuebec,Montreal,Canada,tobeacoeditor,and
heacceptedmyinvitation.
Frequency selective surfaces (FSS) consist of a two-dimensional array of aper-
tures on metallic screen or metallic patches that exhibitfilter characteristics for the
electromagnetic wave impinging on them. During the past two decades, FSS find
various applications starting from defense to medical to industry. FSS structures
based on metamaterial element further opened its scope in millimeter, THz, and
opticalfrequency regions. In order to cover current and near-past advancements in
the field of MTM-FSS technology, we have prepared the content of the book.
Moreover, the content was prepared in such a way that the book should be useful
to researchers/students/academicians/scientists/engineers working in the area of
MTM-FSStechnology.Inviewofthis,thecontentofthebookisdividedintofour
sections namely: (1) Defense and Security Systems, (2) Microwave Circuits and
Devices, (3) Wireless Communication Systems, and (4) Metamaterial-FSS for
Industrial Applications. To accomplish this project, we have invited researchers/
academicians/scientists worldwide, working in different areas of electromagnetics.
Weareverythankfultotheauthorswhohavecontributedchapterstothisbook.
Section I of the book contains 1–7 chapters; Chap. ▶1 presents the EM design
and analysis of various metamaterial-FSS structures for airborne radome applica-
tions including MTM-FSS structures loaded with active devices. Chap. ▶2 dis-
cussesvariousmetamaterialabsorberdesignsintheGHz,THz,infrared,andoptical
regime and explains various absorption mechanism types. Moreover, it presents a
detailedstudyonmathematicalmodelingofthemetamaterialabsorberwhichcanbe
helpfultounderstandwaveprorogationanditsabsorption.Chapter▶3describesthe
basicpropertiesofgraphene,theworkingofFSSsandRASs,andtheapplicationsof
ix
x VolumePreface
graphene-basedMTMsinthedefenseandsecuritysystemsamongstealth,commu-
nication,andimaging.Chapter▶4providesareviewofvariousactivemetamaterial
frequency selective surface (FSS)-based switchable and tunable radar absorbing
structures (RASs). It describes the basic mechanism of active absorber geometries
andtheirworkingprinciples,designtopology,biasingmechanism,andexperimental
procedureofFSS-basedswitchableandtunableRASdesigns.Chapter▶5presents
the design and analysis of SIW-integrated metamaterial-FSS for radome applica-
tions.Further,thetechniquetoreduceandimprovethebandwidthofFSSstructure
using SIW is discussed. In Chap. ▶6, metamaterial-based high-performance
engineered surface is discussed and illustrated some designs to validate the effi-
ciencyoftheapproachforRCSreductionapplicationsandfurtherdescribestheRCS
reduction over a wide frequency band using polarization converter and reflection
type metamaterial. Chapter ▶7 investigates the potential of designing multiangle
retrodirective metasurfaces, studies their reliability in terms of retro-reflection
(i.e., RCS) enhancement at a wide range of incident angles, and demonstrates the
potentialofretrodirectivemetasurfacesforapplicationsdedicatedtoprotectvulner-
ableroaduserssuchascyclistandpedestrians.
Section II includes the discussion on Microwave Circuits and Devices through
Chaps. ▶8–▶11. Chapter ▶8 discusses the polarizing functionalities of FSS
structuresinthebackgroundofmetamaterial(MTM)literature.Thedesignmethod
of MTM-FSS polarizing structures, origin and mechanism of polarization, and
computationalandexperimentalcharacterizationmethodsareexplained.Thesignif-
icantdevelopmentsmadeinMTM-FSSpolarizeranditsvariousapplicationaspects
arepresented.InChap.▶9,EManalysisofmetamaterial-basedmicrowavecoupler
is presented based on an equivalent lumped Lange coupler (LC) circuit model.
Further, the enhancement of fabrication limits of metamaterial coupler has also
been elaborated. Chapter ▶10 aims at the recent developments of theoretical,
numerical, and experimentalaspects of metamateriallens structures, for enhancing
theimagingresolutionoffar-fieldmicrowavesensors.Itsummarizesthebreadthof
research done in the field of metamaterial lens tailored toward microwave nonde-
structive evaluation (NDE) of composites. Chapter ▶11 presents the simulation
studiesofthedesignofdifferenttypesofbandpassfiltersincludingdual-bandfilters
withmetamaterial-basedstructuresandcomplementarysplit-ringresonators.
Section III of the book describes the Wireless Communication Systems that
contains Chaps. ▶12 through ▶19. Basically, this section includes a detailed
discussion on the design of antennas and antennas array using metamaterial-FSS
for modern wireless communication systems. Chapter ▶12 discusses the design
methodologiesofseveralbroadbandandcompactantennaconfigurations,including
millimeterwaveantennas.InChap.▶13,thedesignofphase-gradientmetasurface
is described in detail for the beam steering applications and gives insight into the
theoretical foundation and design methodologies. Moreover, it describes a recent
demonstration of passive and active beam steering antenna array using phase
gradient metasurface. Chapter ▶14 investigates the MTM-FSS and its anticipated
role in successful future THz wireless communication and discusses motivation
toward the design and development of MTM-FSS and their different applications