Handbook of Low-Level Laser Therapy

1117 Pages·2017·23.849 MB·english

by  Michael R. Hamblin, Marcelo Victor Pires de Sousa, Tanupriya Agrawal

Handbook of Low-Level
Laser Therapy
edited by
Michael R. Hamblin
Marcelo Victor Pires de Sousa
Tanupriya Agrawal
Publishedby
PanStanfordPublishingPte.Ltd.
PenthouseLevel,SuntecTower3
8TemasekBoulevard
Singapore038988
Email:[email protected]
Web:www.panstanford.com
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
HandbookofLow-LevelLaserTherapy
Copyright(cid:2)c 2017PanStanfordPublishingPte.Ltd.
ISBN978-981-4669-60-3(Hardcover)
ISBN978-981-4669-61-0(eBook)
PrintedintheUSA
Contents
Preface xxxiii
1 WhatisLow-LevelLaser(Light)Therapy? 1
MarceloVictorPiresdeSousa
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 FundamentalScience:Optics,Photochemistry,and
Photobiology 5
1.2.1 TissueOptics 6
1.2.2 PhotochemistryofChromophores 7
1.2.3 Photobiology:MechanismsofLLLTEffects 8
1.3 ResearchinLLLT 9
1.4 ClinicalandBiomedicalApplicationsofLLLT 11
2 HistoryofLow-LevelLaser(Light)Therapy 17
MichaelR.Hamblin
3 Lasers,LEDs,andOtherLightSources 35
JamesCarroll
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 StateoftheArt 37
3.3 HistoryofDevices 38
3.4 Nomenclature 38
3.5 LaserClassification 39
3.6 LightSourcesandProperties 40
3.6.1 DifferentPropertiesofLaserandLEDLight
Sources 40
3.6.1.1 Wavelength 40
3.6.1.2 Coherence 42
3.6.1.3 Power 42
3.6.1.4 Irradiance 42
3.6.1.5 Penetration 43
3.6.1.6 Pulses 44
3.6.1.7 Collimation 46
3.6.1.8 SpectralWidth(Monochromaticity) 47
3.6.1.9 Stability 47
3.6.1.10Polarization 47
3.6.1.11BeamArea 48
3.6.1.12Scanningvs.ContactMethod 48
3.7 SummaryonLightSourcesandProperties 49
4 IsCoherenceImportantinPhotobiomodulation? 51
TomasHode
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 IsCoherenceLostUponEnteringTissue? 53
4.2.1 HowFastisTooFast? 55
4.3 WhatBiologicalSignificanceCouldSpecklesHave? 56
4.3.1 IntensityThresholds 56
4.3.2 Polarization 58
4.3.3 DynamicEnvironment 60
4.4 Summary 61
5 TissueOptics 67
BryanJamesStephensandLindaRamballJones
5.1 OpticalPropertiesofTissues 67
5.1.1 TissuewithWeakScattering 68
5.1.2 TissuewithStrong(Multiple)Scattering 68
5.1.3 FullPictureofPenetration 70
5.1.4 OpticalPropertiesofWater 70
5.1.5 OpticalPropertiesofBlood 73
5.1.6 SpectralVariationofOpticalProperties 74
5.2 MethodsandAlgorithmsfortheMeasurementof
OpticalParametersofTissues 77
5.2.1 IntegratingSphereTechnique 78
5.2.2 Kubelka–MunkModel 78
5.2.3 InverseMethods 79
5.3 MethodsandAlgorithmsfortheSimulationofthe
LightInteractionswithinTissues 79
5.3.1 MonteCarloSimulation 80
5.3.2 OpticalTissuePhantoms 81
5.4 PracticalImplementation 83
6 Light–TissueInteractionandLightDosimetry 87
AnaCarolinadeMagalha˜esandElisabethMateusYoshimura
6.1 Light–TissueInteractions 87
6.2 LightDosimetry 96
7 MitochondrialLightAbsorptionandItsEffectonATP
Production 101
NicoletteHoureld
7.1 Mitochondria 102
7.1.1 AdenosineTriphosphate(ATP)Synthesis 102
7.2 Phototherapy 104
7.2.1 EffectofPhototherapyonMitochondriaand
ATPSynthesis 105
7.3 Conclusion 113
8 WaterasaPhotoacceptor,EnergyTransducer,and
RechargeableElectrolyticBio-batteryin
Photobiomodulation 119
LuisSantana-Blank,ElizabethRodr´ıguez-Santana,
Jesu´sA.Santana-Rodr´ıguez,KarinE.Santana-Rodr´ıguez,
andHebertoReyes-Barrios
8.1 Introduction 120
8.2 AbsorptionandTransportofLightEnergybyWater 122
8.3 Photo-InfraredPulsedBiomodulation 125
8.4 WaterOscillatorParadox 126
8.4.1 BulkWater 127
8.4.1.1 ApplicationI:Lightenergyabsorption
andenhancedATP 127
8.4.1.2 ApplicationII:Light-modulated
biomolecularmotorsandpumpsin
aqueousmedia 128
8.4.2 Confined-SpaceWater 129
8.4.3 InterfacialWater:WhatisEZ? 130
8.5 MetabolismandScalingLaws 134
8.6 Conclusion 134
9 RoleofReactiveOxygenSpeciesinLow-LevelLaser
Therapy 141
VikrantRai
9.1 MitochondrialResponsetoLLLT 142
9.2 LLLT-InducedProductionofROS 143
9.2.1 Cytochrome 143
9.2.2 Flavins 144
9.2.3 Porphyrins 145
9.3 RoleofReactiveOxygenSpecies 148
9.3.1 OxidativeStressatCellularLevelDuetoROS 148
9.3.2 AntioxidantEffectofLLLT 149
9.3.3 CellularResponsetoIncreasedROS(Oxidative
Stress) 149
9.3.4 ResponseofVariousTranscriptionFactorsto
OxidativeStress 151
9.3.5 ROS-MediatedEffectofLLLTonNervous
System 153
9.3.6 ROS-MediatedApoptosis 155
9.3.7 ROSEffectonThrombosisandHemostasis 156
9.3.8 ROS-MediatedEffectofLLLTon
MusculoskeletalSystem 157
9.3.9 ROS-MediatedEffectofLLLTonOralCavity 158
9.3.10ROS-MediatedEffectofLLLTonLungs 158
10 MolecularBasisforPhotobiomodulation:Light-Induced
NitricOxideSynthesisbyCytochromecOxidasein
Low-LevelLaserTherapy 165
RobertOliverPoytonandMarinaHendrickson
10.1 Introduction 165
10.2 CytochromecOxidase:APhotoreceptorforLLLT 166
10.3 Structure/FunctionofMitochondrialCytochromec
Oxidase 167
10.4 EnzymaticActivitiesofCytochromecOxidase 169
10.4.1 RegulationofCox/H OActivity 170
2
10.4.2 RegulationofCox/NOActivity 171
10.5 Low-IntensityLightStimulatesCox/NObutNot
Cox/H OActivity 173
2
10.5.1 PossibleMechanismforLightStimulation
ofCox/NO 173
10.6 Cox/NO,NO,andLLLT 174
10.7 Summary 177
11 CytoprotectiveEffectofLow-LevelLightTherapyusingLEDs
onNeurons 185
MargaretWong-RileyandHuanLingLiang
11.1 Introduction 186
11.2 RoleofCytochromecOxidasein
PhotobiomodulationofCulturedVisualCortical
Neurons 186
11.3 NeuroprotectiveEffectof670nmLEDonPrimary
NeuronsInactivatedbyCyanide 190
11.4 NeuroprotectiveEffectof670nmLEDonPrimary
NeuronsPoisonedbyMPP+andRotenone:
ImplicationsforParkinson’sDisease 193
11.5 NeuroprotectiveEffectofPretreatmentwith
670nmLEDonPrimaryNeuronsExposedtoKCN,
Rotenone,orMPP+ 196
11.6 NeuroprotectiveEffectof670nmLEDon
CytochromecOxidaseActivityofDeprivedVisual
CortexofMonocularlyEnucleatedRats 199
11.7 cDNAMicroarrayAnalysisofGenesUp-and
Down-Regulatedby670nmLEDinDeprivedVisual
CortexofMonocularlyEnucleatedRats 201
11.8 Conclusion 203

12 Low-LevelLaserandCulturedNeuralTissue 207
PatriciaJ.ArmatiandRobertaT.Chow
12.1 WhyUseCellorTissueCultureModels? 207
12.2 CellLines 208
12.3 SpecificCharacteristicsofNervousSystemCells 209
12.4 LLL,CellCulture,andPeripheralNervous
System 211
12.5 DeliveryofLLLtoNeuralTissueinCulture 215
12.6 LLLIrradiationofCulturedSensoryNeuronsin
Pain-RelatedStudies 215
12.7 Low-LevelLaser:ExcitatoryorInhibitory 216
12.8 DorsalRootGanglionCulturesofNociceptor
Neurons 218
12.9 LLLEffectsonSympatheticNervousSystem
Neurons 224
12.10CentralNervousSysteminCulture 225
13 ShiningaLightonParkinson’sDisease 237
DanielMcKenzieJohnstone,Ce´cileMoro,JonathanStone,
Alim-LouisBenabid,andJohnMitrofanis
13.1 Introduction 238
13.2 OverviewofParkinson’sDisease 238
13.3 EvidenceforNeuroprotectionbyNIRTreatmentin
Parkinson’sDisease 239
13.4 HowDoesNIRWorktoNeuroprotect:Two
MechanismsofAction? 244
13.5 NIRTreatmentinParkinson’sDiseasePatients:Can
ItWork? 245
13.6 DevelopingMethodsforIntracranialNIRDelivery 247
13.7 Conclusion 247
14 Low-LevelLaserTherapyandStemCells 253
QiZhang,ChangZhou,andTingtingDong
14.1 MechanismsofLLLTActioninStemCells 254
14.1.1 Low-LevelLaserIrradiation 254
14.1.2 MechanismsofLLLT 254
14.1.3 EffectsofLLLT 256
14.2 EffectsofLLLTonStemCells 258
14.2.1 HematopoieticStemCells 258
14.2.2 MesenchymalStemCells 259
14.2.3 Adipose-DerivedStemCells 261
14.3 ClinicalApplicationsofLLLTonStemCells 261
14.3.1 LLLTforStemCellTransplantation 261
14.3.2 LLLTforWoundHealingandSkin
Restoring 262
14.3.3 LLLTforNeuralRegeneration 263
14.3.4 LLLTforTreatmentofHairLoss 264
15 AntimicrobialPhotodynamicTherapy 273
VanderleiSalvadorBagnato,CristinaKurachi,
KateCristinaBlanco,andNataliaMayumiInada
16 Low-LevelLaser(Light)TherapyforWoundHealingin
AnimalModels 285
Andre´ LuizOliveiraRamos,FelipeScholzRamos,and
MarceloVictorPiresdeSousa
16.1 PhysiologyofWoundHealing 286
16.1.1 MechanismsofWoundHealingwithLLLT 286
16.1.2 TypesofWoundHealedbyLIB 293
16.2 Thrombosis 295
16.3 LLLTInfluenceonInfectedWounds 296
17 Low-LevelLaserTherapyforArthritisinAnimalModels:
BeneficialEffectandActionMechanism 303
FlavioAimbireandPaulodeTarsoCamilodeCarvalho
18 Low-LevelLaserTherapyforLungDiseases:FromtheBench
totheBed 317
FlavioAimbire
18.1 Introduction 317
18.2 Asthma 319
18.2.1 ClinicalStudies 319
18.2.2 ExperimentalStudies 323
18.3 AcuteRespiratoryDistressSyndrome 327
18.3.1 ClinicalStudies 327
18.3.2 ExperimentalStudies 328
18.4 ChronicObstructivePulmonaryDisease 331
18.4.1 ClinicalStudies 331
18.4.2 ExperimentalStudies 332
18.5 Pneumonia 332
18.5.1 ClinicalStudies 332
18.6 Tuberculosis 333
18.6.1 ClinicalStudies 333
19 Low-LevelLaser(Light)TherapyinTendonHealingin
inVitroandinVivoModels 339
LucasF.deFreitasandMichaelR.Hamblin
19.1 Introduction 340
19.2 Low-LevelLightTherapyandInflammation 344
19.3 ApplicationsofLow-LevelLightinTendonHealing 346
19.3.1 InVitroStudies 346
19.3.2 InVivoStudies 347
19.3.3 LEDsUsedinTendonHealing 351
19.4 Conclusion 352
20 BoneRepairinAnimalModels 357
AntonioLuizB.Pinheiro,LuizG.PinheiroSoares,
andAparecidaMariaC.Marques
20.1 Introduction 357
20.1.1 BoneTissue 357
20.1.2 AutologousBoneGraftingandBiomaterials 359
20.1.3 GuidedBoneRegeneration 360
20.1.4 Phototherapy 361
20.2 LightTherapiesintheBoneRepairofAnimal
Models 361
20.3 ClosingRemarks 364
21 TranscranialLow-LevelLaser(Light)TherapyforStrokeand
TraumaticBrainInjuryinAnimalModels 371
MichaelR.Hamblin,LuisDeTaboada,
andYing-YingHuang
21.1 Introduction 372
21.2 PhotobiologyofLow-LevelLaserTherapy 373
21.3 LLLTonNeuronalCells 375
21.4 HumanSkullTransmissionMeasurements 376
21.5 EpidemiologyofStroke 378
21.6 MechanismsofBrainInjuryafterStroke 379
21.7 ThrombolyticTherapyofStroke 381
21.8 InvestigationalNeuroprotectantsand
PharmacologicalIntervention 382
21.9 TranscranialLLLTforStroke 382
21.9.1 TranscranialLLLTinAnimalModelsfor
Stroke 382
21.10TraumaticBrainInjury 385
21.10.1TranscranialLLLTStudiesforTBIin
AnimalModels 386