Table Of ContentHandbook of Islamic Sects and Movements
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Brill Handbooks on
Contemporary Religion
Series Editors
Terhi Utriainen (University of Turku, Finland)
Benjamin E. Zeller (Lake Forest College, USA)
Editorial Board
Olav Hammer (University of Southern Denmark)
Charlotte Hardman (University of Durham)
Titus Hjelm (University College London)
Adam Possamai (University of Western Sydney)
Inken Prohl (University of Heidelberg)
Volume 21
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bhcr
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Handbook of
Islamic Sects and
Movements
Edited by
Muhammad Afzal Upal
Carole M. Cusack
LEIDEN | BOSTON
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This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license,
which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited.
Further information and the complete license text can be found at
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The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources
(indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further
permission from the respective copyright holder.
An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries
working with Knowledge Unlatched. More information about the initiative can be found at
www.knowledgeunlatched.org.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Upal, Muhammad Afzal, editor. | Cusack, Carole M., 1962- editor.
Title: Handbook of Islamic sects and movements / edited by Muhammad Afzal
Upal, Carole M. Cusack.
Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2021] | Series: Brill handbooks on
contemporary religion, 1874–6691 ; volume 21 | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021018073 (print) | LCCN 2021018074 (ebook) | ISBN
9789004425255 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004435544 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Islamic sects. | Islam.
Classification: LCC BP191 .H365 2021 (print) | LCC BP191 (ebook) | DDC
297.8—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021018073
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021018074
Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface.
ISSN 1874-6691
ISBN 978-90-04-42525-5 (hardback)
ISBN 978-90-04-43554-4 (e-book)
Copyright 2021 by Muhammad Afzal Upal and Carole M. Cusack. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden,
The Netherlands.
Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Hotei, Brill Schöningh,
Brill Fink, Brill mentis, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Böhlau Verlag and V&R Unipress.
Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use.
This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner.
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For Donald Barrett and Antoon Geels,
who were with us at the beginning of this project but
sadly died before the completion of this book
⸪
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Contents
Notes on Contributors xi
Introduction: Islamic Sects and Movements 1
Carole M. Cusack and M. Afzal Upal
Part 1
Sunnī Traditions
Introduction to Part 1 23
1 Sectarianism in Sunnī Islam 25
Ronald Geaves
2 Tablīghī Jamāʿat 49
Zacharias Pieri
3 The Muslim Brotherhood 73
Rickard Lagervall
4 The Gülen Movement: Between Turkey and International Exile 86
Caroline Tee
5 The Islam Nusantara Movement in Indonesia 110
Hisanori Kato
6 Nahdlatul Ulama (NU): A Grassroots Movement Advocating Moderate
Islam 129
Faried F. Saenong
7 Women and Islamic Movements 151
Eva F. Nisa
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viii Contents
Part 2
Shīʿa Traditions
Introduction to Part 2 179
8 Imāmiyya Shīʿa (The Twelvers) 181
Mohammad Fazlhashemi
9 Zaydism 203
Najam Haider
10 The Ismāʿīlīs and Their Traditions 235
Farhad Daftary
11 The Dāʾūdī Bohras (Mustaʿlī Ismāʿīlī Shīʿa)
Using Modernity to Institutionalise a Fāṭimid Tradition 255
Jonah Blank
12 The Alevīs and ʿAlawīs 279
Yvette Talhamy
13 The Heyʾati Movement
Charismatic Preachers, Politics and Youth Culture 305
David Thurfjell
Part 3
Fundamentalisms and Extremists
Introduction to Part 3 331
14 The Citadel of Salafism 333
Joas Wagemakers
15 The Taliban 348
Jon Armajani
16 Ḥamās: The Islamic Resistance Movement 379
Shaul Bartal
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Contents ix
17 Hizb ut-Tahrir: Dreaming of Caliphate 402
Meerim Aitkulova
18 Ungoverned or Alternatively Governed Spaces in North-Eastern Nigeria
A Critical Exploration of Boko Haram’s Ideological Motif 421
Benson O. Igboin
19 From Identity to Militancy: The Shīʿa of Hezbollah 445
Steven Childs
20 The Faizrakhmanisty: The Islamic Sect as a Social Problem in
Russia 458
Kaarina Aitamurto
21 Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case
of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) 485
Emin Poljarevic
Part 4
Ṣūfism and Its Influences
Introduction to Part 4 515
22 Ṣūfism 517
Marta Domínguez Díaz
23 Javād Nūrbakhsh and the Niʿmatullāhī ‘Khaniqahi’ Order 543
Milad Milani
24 Subud: An Indonesian Interpretation of Ṣūfism 568
Antoon Geels
25 René Guénon and Traditionalism 589
William Rory Dickson
26 Ṣūfism and the Gurdjieff ‘Work’: A Contested Relationship 612
Carole M. Cusack
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x Contents
Part 5
In Between and on the Fringes of Islam
Introduction to Part 5 635
27 The Cultural Genetics of the Aḥmadiyya Muslim Jamāʿat 637
M. Afzal Upal
28 The Nation of Islam 658
Edward E. Curtis IV
29 The Moorish Science Temple of America 673
Fathie Ali Abdat
30 The Ansaaru Allah Community 694
Susan J. Palmer
31 The Druze 724
Hussam S. Timani
32 Yezidism 743
Victoria Arakelova
33 The Bahāʾī Faith 761
Lil Osborn
Index 775
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