Handbook of industrial chemistry and biotechnology

2217 Pages·2017·88.52 MB·English

by  Tilak V.

James A. Kent · Tilak V. Bommaraju
Scott D. Barnicki Editors
Handbook
of Industrial
Chemistry and
Biotechnology
T hirteenth Edition
Handbook of Industrial Chemistry
and Biotechnology
James A. Kent • Tilak V. Bommaraju
Scott D. Barnicki
Editors
Handbook of Industrial
Chemistry
and Biotechnology
Thirteenth Edition
Editors
James A. Kent Tilak V. Bommaraju
Jupiter, FL, USA Grand Island, NY, USA
Scott D. Barnicki
Kingsport, TN, USA
ISBN 978-3-319-52285-2 ISBN 978-3-319-52287-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-52287-6
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017941535
# Springer International Publishing AG 2017
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In Memoriam
Our father, Dr. James A. Kent, assumed responsibility for this Handbook of
Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology beginning with the sixth edition in
1965. The original name was Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry
started by Dr. Emil Riegel in the 1930s. In 2014 Dr. Kent enthusiastically
began work on this 13th edition and continued until the time of his passing
early in 2015. During his 50 years as editor, Dr. Kent grew the Handbook to
meet the ever-changing needs of scientists and engineers in the chemical
th
industry. It is now a worldwide reference, with the 13 edition tapping over
120 contributors and encompassing 42 chapters to meet the latest needs of
scientists and engineers.
As he neared completion of each new edition he was already surveying the
needs of the chemical industry and anticipating with excitement the topics
that should be covered in the next edition. The book challenged and
motivated him through much of his professional life. Also, he spoke of the
constant challenge of enlisting the best authors in the world for each chapter.
But most of all he marveled at the selfless dedication of these men and
women who took the time to share the best of their knowledge and experi-
ence in the midst of busy careers and family life.
Dr. Kent’s professional accomplishments set the stage for and
complemented his long tenure as editor. Academically gifted, he entered
West Virginia University (WVU) at the age of 16, where he earned his
B.S. Ch.E. in 1943, M.S. Ch.E. in 1948, and Ph.D. in 1950. From 1950 to
1954, he was a project engineer and research group leader with Dow Chemi-
cal and Monsanto, respectively. Beginning in 1954 he was a popular profes-
sor of Chemical Engineering at WVU where he was also a lead researcher at
the WVU Nuclear Experiment Station. Dr. Kent was one of America’s first
licensed nuclear reactor researchers. One of the photos below shows him
(holding a fuel rod) circa 1961 with his associates at a reactor facility.
His early research accomplishments included development of wood-
plastic combinations through the use of gamma-radiation. The technology
was soon privatized and began a wood-plastic industry that continues today.
He later served as WVU Engineering Associate Dean for Research and
Graduate Studies. In 1967 Dr. Kent joined Michigan Technological Univer-
sity where he organized the newly created College of Engineering and served
as its first Dean. He also created the Center for Waste Management Research.
His final university post was as Chrysler Professor and Dean of Engineering
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vi In Memoriam
and Science at the University of Detroit Mercy where he oversaw major
infrastructure renovations and the founding of the Polymer Research Insti-
tute. In 2007, to recognize Dr. Kent’s diverse accomplishments as a faculty
member, WVU established the James A. Kent Endowment for Biomedical
Engineering.
Dr. Kent served in the U.S. Army during WW II as a Lieutenant in the
164th Engineer Combat Battalion. The 164th landed on Utah Beach as part of
the D-Day invasion. He led combat engineering activities across Europe,
including battles at Andenne, Belgium, and protection of the Remagen
bridgehead in Germany.
He dedicated each edition of this Handbook to Anita, his wife of 72 years.
Edward J. Kent, Ph.D., P.E. Palm Beach Gardens, Florida
On behalf of my brothers; James Jr., David, Nicholas, and Joseph.
Foreword
Since the time I was a freshman in college, in 1935, I depended greatly on a
fantastic source of chemical information, Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial
Chemistry. Later this invaluable source became Kent and Riegel’s Hand-
book of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology. I am so privileged to have
th
this opportunity to write a Foreword for the 13 edition of this work.
I have used it regularly throughout all my professional life as a Professor
of Chemical Engineering for 54 years and author of 94 technical books. This
book is not meant to be an encyclopedia, and it is not. Rather, the Handbook
of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology is a rich source of industry-wide
information and insights. Designed and edited by Dr. Jim Kent, the 13th
edition of this widely respected and frequently consulted reference work
provides a wealth of information and guidance on industrial chemistry and
biotechnology. Industries covered span the spectrum from salt and soda ash
to advanced dyes chemistry, the nuclear industry, the wonders of biotechnol-
ogy, and, most recently, CO2 utilization, electrochemical energy conversion
and storage devices, industrial chemistry of steel, process control, and divid-
ing wall columns in the chemical industry.
Dr. Emil Riegel started the handbook in the 1930s, and Dr. Kent assumed
responsibility beginning with the sixth edition in 1965. Over a period of
roughly 50 years and seven editions, under his expert and enthusiastic
guidance, it has grown from a handful of chapters, covering mostly the
heavy chemicals which characterized that era of the chemical industry, to
reflect the ever-changing nature of the industrial scene as well as the needs of
scientists and engineers who work in the chemical industry. The present
edition draws upon the expertise of 120 contributors, virtually all of whom
are embedded in the industries they cover, and who wholeheartedly and even
passionately share their intimate knowledge and insights.
Several editions ago, reflecting his early industry experience with Dow
and Monsanto, Jim decided to introduce new chapters he chooses to call
chemical industry infrastructure. Thus, the Handbook contains chapters on
Chemical Process Safety, Emergency Preparedness, and the statistical
concepts which underlie process design and control, and quality control.
Also, reflecting the increasingly important area of energy and environment,
the Handbook includes several nicely integrated chapters on energy
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viii Foreword
producing materials with the broad view of their usefulness in serving as raw
material for a variety of industrial processes. Chapters on Fertilizers and
Agricultural Chemicals provide crucial information needed to feed the grow-
ing population of the world. Adding a chapter on Sustainability in recent
editions was timely and inspired.
Some years ago, I understand, a reviewer observed that he had referred to
the handbook for information on a particular topic, and left it some hours
later, having been captured by several of the interesting and informative
chapters on topics in which he had no professional interest. The editor has
retained that flavor through succeeding editions, and the contributing authors
have uniformly presented their information in well-organized and very
interesting chapters.
I have on a great number of occasions over the years consulted successive
editions of the Handbook on a variety of topics and never left without having
found exactly what I was looking for. The Handbook deserves a place in the
library of every chemistry and chemical engineering department, as well as
on the desk or in the library of everyone who has a responsibility in promot-
ing, managing, regulating, or writing about any portion of the chemical
industry. I have always considered it the most helpful book in my personal
library.
Department of Chemical Engineering, John J. McKetta, Jr.
The University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
December 6, 2016
Preface
The primary objective of this book is to present an up-to-date account of the
science and engineering and industrial practice which underlie major areas of
the chemical process industry. The heart of the book is contained in
42 chapters covering seven areas of the chemical process industry. It is to
be noted that the products and processes associated with a particular area are
discussed in the context of the corresponding chapter rather than in the
isolated manner characteristic of an encyclopedia.
This edition of the Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology,
the 13th, includes the topics addressed in the 12th edition, all of which have
been carefully reviewed, updated, and revised as necessary. In addition, this
edition includes six entirely new Chaps. 31, 32, 33, 38, 39, and 40. This
edition starts off with defining industrial chemistry as the manufacturing art
concerned with the transformation of matter into useful materials in useful
amounts. This transformation of available materials into more desirable ones
involves some kind of a process, following a recipe. In turn the process may
involve grinding, mixing together various ingredients, dissolving, heating,
allowing ingredients to interact (chemically or biochemically react forming
new compositions of matter), cooling, evaporating or distilling, growing
crystals, filtering, and other physical-chemical-biological operations.
Unlike in the previous editions, the 13th edition is organized into seven
sections, each section being devoted to a specific area of industrial chemistry
and biotechnology. These sections, each containing several relevant topics,
are as follows: Section 1: Raw Materials for the Chemical Process
Industries, Section 2: Industrial Organic Chemistry, Section 3: Indus-
trial Inorganic Chemistry, Section 4: Polymer Chemistry, Section 5:
Biochemistry, Section 6: Emerging Fields of Industrial Chemistry, and
Section 7: Industrial Processing and Engineering.
This version also introduces a wealth of new, timely, and very useful
“infrastructure” material, especially dealing with electrochemical energy
conversion and storage, process control and latest developments in distilla-
tion technologies, and CO2 capture, storage, and utilization. We also intro-
duce a chapter on industrial chemistry of steel, a commonly used material in
the industrial world. This chapter discusses not only the production processes
of steel making but also the chemistry involved in these processes, and the
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x Preface
economics, environmental, and safety aspects of making steel. In keeping
with past practice, all the chapters have been written by individuals with
demonstrated expertise in their respective fields and been updated by includ-
ing the latest statistics and technological developments. All told, the work
may in many respects be regarded as a sourcebook for practice in the
chemical process industries.
Concerning the infrastructure or contextual material mentioned above,
Section 1 of the Handbook addresses the various raw materials that are the
basis of chemical industries. These include petroleum, coal, natural gas,
wood, and biomass which are the nuclei of major industrial operations. The
chapter on “Biomass Conversion” is included in this section as it is the
feedstock for new refineries that will produce fermentable sugars and chemi-
cal intermediates from which much needed forms of fuels can be made.
Written by a team whose primary work lies in that area, it provides compre-
hensive coverage of the subject from biomass structure and composition to
thermochemical and biological routes for conversion to energy and a host of
chemicals and products including liquid transportation fuels.
Section 2 covers industrial organic chemistry based processes, which
starts with an introduction to synthetic organic chemicals produced by the
transformation of carbonaceous feedstocks into functionalized molecules
through one or more chemical reactions. This is followed by a detailed
description of pharmaceutical chemistry, the chemistry of dye intermediates,
structural adhesives, the agrochemical industry, fertilizers, pigments, dyes,
polymer coatings and printing inks, animal and vegetable fats, oils and
waxes, sugars, soaps, fatty acids and synthetic detergents, chemical
explosives, and the nuclear industry in Chaps. 8–18.
Section 3, which includes Chaps. 19–23, deals with synthetic nitrogen
products, phosphorus and phosphates, sulfur and sulfuric acid, salt, the chlor-
alkali industry, and industrial gases.
Section 4 addresses manufactured textile fibers, synthetic resins and
plastics, and rubber in Chaps. 24–26.
Section 5 is comprised of topics in Biochemistry. Biotechnology first
appeared in the (formerly) Riegel’s Handbook some time ago as a chapter
titled “Industrial Fermentation.” It has since been updated several times and
more recently was joined by a chapter on “Industrial Cell Culture.” Also, as
might be expected by persons knowledgeable in the field, Chap. 14 “Animal
and Vegetable Fats, Oils, and Waxes” is rich in related biotechnical content,
as is effectively described in the chapter’s early pages. Chapter 27 introduces
the industrial aspects of biotechnology from the discovery stage to delivery
stage.
The focus of Section 6 is emerging technologies, which include
nanotechnologies, energy conversion and storage, and CO2 capture, storage,
and utilization. The chapter on nanoparticles discusses basic principles for
the formation of nanomaterials and their applications which have already
made a societal impact and is shaping our lives.
The presently available renewable energy sources include wind, solar,
tidal, biomass, and geothermal. To make an efficient use of these sources, it is
essential that a reliable energy storage approach is available. Batteries, in