Handbook of Green Chemistry. Green Processes. Volume 8: Green Nanoscience

300 Pages·2012·9.022 MB·English

by  Alvise Perosa, Maurizio Selva (Editors)

Handbook of Green Chemistry
Edited by Paul T. Anastas
Green
Processes
8
Volume : Green Nanoscience
Volume Editors:
Alvise Perosa
Maurizio Selva

Handbook of Green Chemistry
Volume 8
Green Nanoscience
Edited by
Alvise Perosa and
Maurizio Selva
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Handbook of Green Chemistry
Volume 8
Green Nanoscience
Edited by
Alvise Perosa and Maurizio Selva
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V
Contents
About the Editors XI
List of Contributors XV
1 FormationofNanoparticlesAssistedbyIonicLiquids 1
JacksonD.Scholten,MartinH.G.Prechtl,andJairtonDupont
1.1 MetalNanoparticlesinIonicLiquids:Synthesis 1
1.1.1 ReductionofOrganometallicPrecursors 2
1.1.2 DecompositionofOrganometallicPrecursors 7
1.1.3 TransferfromanAqueous/OrganicPhasetotheIonic
LiquidPhase 9
1.1.4 BombardmentofBulkMaterials 10
1.2 MetalNanoparticlesinIonicLiquids:Stabilization 11
1.3 MetalNanoparticlesinIonicLiquids:RecyclableMultiphase
Catalyst-Systems 13
1.3.1 HydrogenationofMultipleBondswithMetalNanoparticles
inIonicLiquids 14
1.3.2 Carbon–CarbonCross-CouplingReactionsCatalyzedby
PalladiumNanoparticlesinIonicLiquids 17
1.3.3 FunctionalizationandDefunctionalizationReactionsUsing
MetalNanoparticlesinIonicLiquids 19
1.3.4 IsotopeExchangeCatalyzedbyMetalNanoparticlesin
IonicLiquids 22
1.3.5 ApplicationofMetalNanoparticleCatalystsinIonicLiquidsfor
Energy-andEnvironment-RelatedSystems 24
1.4 GeneralRemarks 26
References 26
2 CO -ExpandedLiquidsforNanoparticleProcessing 33
2
StevenR.Saunders,ChristopherB.Roberts,KendallM.Hurst,
ChristopherL.Kitchens,GregoryVonWhiteII,andD.BradAkers
2.1 Introduction 33
2.1.1 Gas-ExpandedLiquids 34
2.2 ControllingNanoparticleDispersibilityandPrecipitation 34
VI Contents
2.3 Size-SelectiveFractionationofNanoparticles 38
2.3.1 Small-ScaleSize-SelectiveFractionation 40
2.3.2 Large-ScaleSize-SelectiveFractionation 41
2.4 TuningthePrecipitationRange 45
2.4.1 EffectofTemperature 45
2.4.2 EffectofSolvent 45
2.4.3 EffectofStabilizingLigand 47
2.5 ModelingNanoparticleDispersibilityinCXLs 47
2.6 Thin-FilmDeposition 50
2.6.1 NanoparticleThin-FilmDepositiononMEMSDevices 52
2.7 FormationandSynthesisofNanoparticlesinCXLs 53
2.8 NanoparticlePhaseTransferUsingCXLs 55
2.9 Conclusion 55
References 56
3 GreenSynthesisandApplicationsofMagneticNanoparticles 61
LianeM.Rossi,AlexandreL.Parize,andJoelC.Rubim
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 GreenSynthesisofMagneticNanoparticles 62
3.2.1 Background 62
3.2.2 ThermalDecompositionMethods 62
3.2.3 MicroemulsionMethods 67
3.2.4 PreparationofMagneticNPsUsingRenewable
Resources 68
3.2.5 SynthesisofMagneticNPsinIonicLiquids 68
3.2.6 OtherMethods 69
3.3 MagneticSeparationasaGreenSeparationTool 69
3.3.1 Background 69
3.3.2 OilSpillContainmentandRecovery 71
3.3.3 HeavyMetalRecovery 72
3.3.4 CatalystRecoveryandRecycling 73
3.3.4.1 MetalComplexCatalysts 73
3.3.4.2 MetalNanoparticleCatalysts 74
3.3.4.3 Organocatalysts 76
3.4 Conclusion 77
References 78
4 PhotocatalysisbyNanostructuredTiO -basedSemiconductors 89
2
MatteoCargnelloandPaoloFornasiero
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 StructureandPhotocatalyticProperties 93
4.2.1 ElementsAffectingBandgapandPhotocatalyticActivity 93
4.2.2 InfluenceoftheStructureontheBandgapandthe
PhotocatalyticActivity 97
Contents VII
4.2.3 NanocompositesforPhotocatalyticApplications 99
4.3 Nanostructures,Nanoarchitectures,andNanocomposites
forPollutionRemediation 100
4.3.1 PhotocatalyticApplicationsinWastewaterTreatment 100
4.3.2 PhotocatalyticApplicationsinGas-PhaseDecontamination 104
4.3.3 PhotocatalyticApplicationstoDisinfection 106
4.4 Nanostructures,Nanoarchitectures,andNanocomposites
forEnergyApplications 107
4.4.1 PhotocatalyticApplicationsforHydrogenProduction 108
4.4.2 PhotoelectrochemicalDevices 113
4.4.3 PhotocatalyticApplicationsinArtificialPhotosynthesis 115
4.5 Nanostructures,Nanoarchitectures,andNanocomposites
forGreenSynthesis 117
4.5.1 OxidationReactions 117
4.5.2 Reductions 118
4.5.3 OtherReactions 119
4.6 MaterialsStabilityandToxicology–SafetyIssues 120
4.7 Conclusion 121
References 122
5 NanoencapsulationforProcessIntensification 137
AaronJ.Yap,AnthonyF.Masters,andThomasMaschmeyer
5.1 IntroductionandScope 137
5.2 CascadeReactionsforProcessIntensification 138
5.2.1 Background 138
5.2.2 CascadeReactionswithIncompatibleCatalystsand
Nanoencapsulation 140
5.2.3 SummaryofReactionsandSystems 147
5.3 OtherCascadeReactionswithIncompatibleCatalysts–
Polydimethylsiloxane(PDMS)ThimblesforGeneric
SiteIsolation 148
5.4 PotentialMethodsofNanoencapsulation 149
5.4.1 Layer-by-Layer(LbL)Methods 149
5.4.2 Sol–Gel-BasedMethods 151
5.4.3 InorganicMethods 153
5.4.3.1 LayeredInorganicSolids 153
5.4.3.2 InorganicSpheres 154
5.4.4 Polymer-BasedMethods 155
5.4.4.1 Micelle/EmulsionEncapsulation 156
5.4.4.2 Vesicle-BasedEncapsulation 157
5.4.5 CageProteinEncapsulation 158
5.4.6 CombinatorialApproaches 158
5.5 ConclusionandFutureDirections 159
References 160
VIII Contents
6 FormationofNanoemulsionsbyLow-EnergyMethodsandTheir
UseasTemplatesforthePreparationofPolymericNanoparticles 165
GabrielaCalderóandConxitaSolans
6.1 Introduction 165
6.2 UseofNano-EmulsionsasTemplatesforthePreparationof
PolymericNanoparticles 167
References 170
7 ToxicityofCarbonNanotubes 175
DaniaMoviaandSilviaGiordani
7.1 Introduction–Nanotoxicology:ShouldWeWorry? 175
7.2 ToxicityofCarbonNanotubes 177
7.2.1 ChallengesintheAssessmentofCNTToxicity 177
7.2.1.1 InteractionwithDispersingMedium 178
7.2.1.2 InteractionwithCytotoxicityAssays 178
7.2.1.3 EffectofImpurities 180
7.2.1.4 EffectofDispersion 180
7.3 DermalExposuretoCNTs 180
7.3.1 DermalCytotoxicity 181
7.3.2 InVivoDermalToxicity 182
7.4 PulmonaryResponsetoCNTs 183
7.4.1 PulmonaryCytotoxicity 183
7.4.2 InVivoPulmonaryToxicity 184
7.5 ToxicResponsetoCNTsintheIntra-AbdominalCavity 187
7.5.1 CNTCytotoxicityintheIntra-AbdominalCavity 187
7.5.2 InVivoCNTToxicityintheIntra-AbdominalCavity 188
7.6 CNTsandImmunity 189
7.6.1 RecognitionofCNTsbyMacrophages 189
7.6.2 InVitroResponsesofMacrophagesExposedtoCNTs 190
7.6.3 CNTsandImmunityInVivo 191
7.6.3.1 LocalImmuneResponses 191
7.6.3.2 AllergicImmuneResponses 192
7.6.3.3 SystemicImmuneAlterations 192
7.7 CNTInteractionswiththeCardiovascular
Homeostasis 193
7.7.1 InVitroInteractions 193
7.7.2 InVivoCNTToxicitytoCardiovascularHomeostasis 193
7.8 GenotoxicityandMutagenicityofCNTs 194
7.8.1 InVitroStudies 194
7.8.2 InVivoStudies 194
7.9 BiodistributionandPharmacokineticsofCNTs 195
7.9.1 InternalizationofCNTsintoMammalianCells 196
7.10 BiodegradationofCNTs 198
7.11 BiocompatibilityofCNT-BasedBiomaterials 198
7.12 Conclusions–AreCNTssafe? 198
References 209