Handbook of Essential Fatty Acid Biology: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Behavioral Neurobiology

466 Pages·1997·12.1 MB·English

by  William A. Banks

Handbook of Essential
Fatty Acid Biology
Handbook
of Essential Fatty
Acid Biology
Biochemistry, Physiology,
and Behavioral Neurobiology
Edited by
Shlomo Yehuda
Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
David I. Mostofsky
Boston University, Boston, MA
~
Springer Science+Business
~ Media,LLC
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Humana Press Inc. in 1997
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1st edition 1997
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under tide:
Handbook of essential fatty acid biology: biochemistry, physiology, and behavioral
neurobiology 1 edited by Shlomo Yehuda, David I. Mostofsky.
p. cm.--
Inc1udes index.
ISBN 978-1-61737-017-5 ISBN 978-1-4757-2582-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-2582-7
1. Essential fatty acids--Physiological effect. 2. I. Yehuda, Shlomo.
11. Mostofsky, David I.
[DNLM: 1. Fatty Acids, Essential. QU 90 H236 19971
QP752.E84H36 1997
612.3'97-dc21
DNLM/DLC 96-50976
for Library of Congress CIP
Preface
The popular yet unwarranted view tha t "fat is fa t is fa t" persisted for
many years, and the recognition that certain fatty acids-polyunsatu
rated fatty acids (PUFA)-constitute daily requirements for the nor
mal development and maintenance of health came relatively late. The
discovery of linoleic acid as an essential fatty acid is generally credited
to Evans and Burr (1928), followed a year later by Burr and Burr's
(1929) description of a syndrome that resulted from feeding animals a
fat-free diet. The symptoms included scaling of the skin, reduced
growth rate, degenerative changes in the kidneys, and failure to repro
duce. This syndrome cannot be cured by designing a treatment com
posed of fat-soluble vitamins, but rather requires the addition of a
single fatty acid-linoleic acid. The pioneering studies of Holman and
other researchers who delineated the role of linoleic acid-a "long
scaly tale"-has been summarized in a review by Holman (1971).
Major advances in our understanding of the chemistry and biochem
istry of fatty acids have led to a parallel increase in our understanding
of the metabolism and function of fatty acids in living tissue. In addi
tion, the role of fatty acids, and lipids in general, in the total organism
particularly with respect to health and illness (such as blood pressure
and multiple sclerosis), has now been elucidated. Despite the scientific
importance and clinical relevance of the fatty acid story, the field of
fatty acids has not enjoyed as much attention as might have been
expected. A Medline search surveying the number of scientific publi
cations in the area appearing across various fields between June 1994
and December 1995 revealed the following: 7844 lipid studies (not
including fatty acids) and 2793 fatty acid studies (not including lipids)
for a total of 10,637 reports. This publication output pales in compari
son to reports in the area ofproteins (82,337) and peptides (18,385). Indeed
there were more than 2000 papers on the topic of acetylcholine alone.
A serious problem that continues to afflict this area is that the vast
and elegant body of physiological and biochemical knowledge
amassed to better unde rstand PUF A and their effects on living organ-
v
vi Preface
isms has not yet led to better understanding of cognitive or other
behavioral functions, nor has there been any concentrated effort to
discover biological markers that might help unde rstand the chemical
and biochemical substrates of such behaviors. To be sure, there are a
few exceptions, such as the study that examined the role of fatty acids
in mood disorders (Stranberg and Tilvis, 1995) or the investigation of
fatty acids as sleep-inducing agents (Cravatt et al., 1995), but in the
main such correlational or experimentally manipulated designs are
not a noticeable characteristic of any programmatic effort in this field.
The purpose of this volume is to examine a representative segment
of the most important scientific aspects of fatty acids, from their bio
chemistry to their physiological consequences in both health and dis
orders, and in doing so, to focus attention as well on their cognitive
and behavioral rules. We hope that this journey from the molecular to
the molar will develop a genuine consolidation of our knowledge of
the biology and metabolism of the PUFA , as well as permit even more
dramatic advances and developments in understanding the chemis
try, behavior, and role in health and illness of PUFA .
Finally, we acknowledge our sincere thanks and profound debt for
the support provided by the Rose K. Ginsburg Chair for Research in
Alzheimer's Disease and to the William Farber Center für Alzheimer
Research.
Shlomo Yehuda
David 1. Mostofsky
References
Burr, G. O. and Burr, M. M. (1929) A new deficiency disease produced by rigid
exc1usion of fat from diet. J. Biol. Chern. 89,345.
Cravatt, B. F., Prospero-Garcia, 0., Sluzdak, G., Gilula, N. B., Henriksen, S. J., Boger,
D. L., and Lerner, R. A. (1995) Chemical characterization of family of brain
lipids that induce sleep. 5cience 268,1506-1509.
Evans, H. M. and Burr, G. O. (1928) A new dietary deficiency with highly purified
diets. The beneficial effects of fat in the diet. Proc. 50c. Exp. Med. Biol. 25,390.
Holman, R. T. (1971) Essential fatty acid deficiency: a long scaly tale, in Progress in
Chernistry ofFats and Other Lipids. Polyunsaturated Acids, vol. 9 (Holman, R. T.,
ed.), Pergamon, New York, pp. 279-348.
Stranberg, T. E. and Tilvis, R. S. (1995) Mood dis orders and cholesterol-Iowering
drugs: is there a link? CN5 Drugs 3,409-415.
Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................... v
Contributors .............................................................................................. ix
Part I: Biochemical Properties ............................................................. 1
1 • Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier to Circulating Free
Fatty Acids .................................................................................... 3
William A. Banks, Abba I. Kastin, and Stanley I. Rapoport
2 • Fatty Acid Metabolism in Brain in Relation to Development,
Membrane Structure, and Signaling ...................................... 15
M. Thomas Clandinin and lacqueline lumpsen
3 • Abnormalities in Essential Fatty Acid Status in Alcoholism ..... 67
Norman Salem, Ir. and Nils Urban Olsson
4 • The Biological Properties of Oleic Acid ..................................... 89
Elliot M. Berry
5 • n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Human Cytokine
Synthesis .................................................................................... 103
Gunther Hartmann and Stefan Endres
6 • Fatty Acid Regulation of Endocrine Activity ......................... 115
Eric P. Widmaier
Part 11: Physiology and Health ........................................................ 137
7 • co3 and co6 Essential Fatty Acid Status
in Human Health and Disease .............................................. 139
Ralph T. Holman
8 • Visual Function and the Essentiality of a-Linolenic Acid
and Docosahexaenoic Acid in Human Infants ................... 183
Eileen E. Birch, David Birch, and Ricardo Uauy
9 • Neural Function Following Dietary n-3 Fatty Acid
Depletion ................................................................................... 201
Andrew I. Sinclair, Harrison S. Weisinger,
and Algis J. Vingrys
vii
viii Contents
10 • Polyunsaturated Fats and Learning: Old Data,
New Questions ........................................................................... 215
Donald V. Coscina
11 • Fatty Acids, Phospholipids, and Schizophrenia .................... 245
David F. Horrobin
12 • The Seizing Brain: Phospholipolysis, Oxygen Delivery,
and Electrical Activity ............................................................... 257
Francesco Visioli
13 • Arachidonic Acid, Neurotrauma, and Neurodegenerative
Diseases ...................................................................................... 277
Akhlaq A. Farooqui, Thad A. Rosenberger,
and Lloyd A. Horrocks
Part III: Learning, Cognition, and Complex Behavior ............... 297
14 • Essential Fatty Acids and Behavior: Is There a Role
for the Eicosanoids? .................................................................... 299
Patricia E. Wainwright
15 • Oral and Postingestive Controls of Fat Intake ........................ 343
Danielle Greenberg and Gerard P. Smith
16 • Physiological Role of Fatty Acids in Infancy:
Effect of Dietary Fat on Brain Fatty Acids and Learning
Ability in 1nfancy ....................................................................... 361
Akie Yonekubo
17 • Omega-3 Fatty Acid Deficiency and Behavior: A Critical
Review and Directions for Future Research ............................. 397
Sydney Reisbick and Martha Neuringer
18 • Effects of Essential Fatty Acid Preparation (SR-3) on Brain
Lipids, Biochemistry, and Behavioral and Cognitive
Functions ................................................................................... 427
Shlomo Yehuda, Sharon Rabinovitz,
and David I. Mostofsky
Index ........................................................................................................ 453
Contributors
WILLIAM A. BANKS • Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Tulane
University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
ELLIOT M. BERRY • Human Nutrition and Metabolism, FacuIty
of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
DAVID BIRCH • Retina Foundation of the Southwest, and Department
of Ophthalmology, ur Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
EILEEN E. BIRCH • Retina Foundation of the Southwest, and Department
of Ophthalmology, ur Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, rx
M. THOMAS CLANDININ • Departments of Medicine and Agricultural,
Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton,
Canada
DONALD V. COSCINA • Department of Psychology, Wayne State
University, Detroit, MI
STEFAN ENDRES • Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Innenstadt
der Universität München, Munich, Germany
AKHLAQ A. FAROOQUI • Department of Medical Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, OH
DANIELLE GREENBERG • Bourne Behavioral Research Laboratory,
Department of Psychiatry, Cornell University Medical College,
White Plains, NY
GUNTHER HARTMANN • Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Innenstadt
der Universität München, Munich, Germany
RALPH T. HOLMAN • Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota,
Austin, MN
DAVID F. HORROBIN • Scotia Pharmaceuticals, Guildford, Surrey, UK
LLOYD A. HORROCKS • Department of Medical Biochemistry, rhe Ohio
State University, Columbus, OH
JACQUELINE JUMPSEN • Departments of Medicine and AgricuItural, Food
and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
ABBA J. KASTIN • Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Tulane University
School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
DAVID 1. MOSTOFSKY • Department of Psychology, Boston University,
Boston, MA
lX
x Contributors
MARTHA NEURINGER • Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health Sciences
University, Portland, OR
NILS URBAN OLSSON • Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry
and Biophysics, NIAA National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
SHARON RABINOVITZ • Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department
of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
STANLEY r. RApOPORT • Laboratory ofNeurosciences, National Institute
on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
SYDNEY REISBICK • Oregon Regional Primate Research Center,
Beaverton, OR
THAD A. ROSENBERGER • Department of Medical Biochemistry, The Ohio
State University, Columbus, OH
NORMAN SALEM, JR. • Laboratory of Membrane Biochemistry
and Biophysics, NIAA, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
ANDREW J. SINCLAIR • Department of Food Science, Royal Melbourne
Institute ofTechnology, Melbourne, Australia
GERARD P. SMITH • Bourne Behavioral Research Laboratory, Department
of Psychiatry, Cornell University Medical College, White Plains,
RICARDO UAUY • INTA, University ofChile, Santiago, Chile
ALGIS J. VINGRYS • Department ofOptometry and Vision Sciences,
University of Melbourne, Australia
FRANCESCO VISIOLI • Institute of Pharmacological Sciences, University
of Milan, Italy
PATRICIA E. WAINWRIGHT • Department ofHealth Studies
and Gerontology, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
HARRISON S. WEISINGER • Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences,
University of Melbourne, Australia
ERlC P. WIDMAIER • Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, MA
SHLOMO YEHUDA • Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department
of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
AKIE YONEKUBO • Nutrition Science Institute, Meiji Milk Products,
Tokyo, Japan
I
PART
Biochemical Properties