Handbook of engineering electromagnetics

690 Pages·2004·9.626 MB·English

by  Rajeev Bansal

Handbook of
ENGINEERING
ELECTROMAGNETICS
Handbook of
ENGINEERING
ELECTROMAGNETICS
Edited by
Rajeev Bansal
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut, U.S.A.
MARCEL DEKKER NEW YORK
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Preface
This handbook is intended as a desk reference for the broad area of engineering
electromagnetics. Since electromagnetics provides the underpinnings for many tech-
nological fields such as wireless communications, fiber optics, microwave engineering,
radar, electromagnetic compatibility, material science, and biomedicine, there is a great
dealofinterestinandneedfortrainingintheengineeringapplicationsofelectromagnetics.
Practicing engineers in these diverse fields need to understand how engineering
electromagnetic principles can be applied to the formulation and solution of actual
engineering problems. As technologies wax and wane and engineers move around, they
find themselves learning new applications on the run.
The Handbook of Engineering Electromagnetics should serve as a bridge between
standard textbooks in electromagnetic theory and specialized references such as a
handbookonwirelessantennadesign.Whiletextbooksarecomprehensiveintermsofthe
theoretical development of the subject matter, they are usually deficient in the practical
application of that theory. Specialized handbooks, on the other hand, often provide
detailed lists of formulas, tables, and graphs, but do not provide the insight needed to
appreciate the underlying physical concepts. This handbook will permit a practicing
engineer/scientist to
Review the necessary electromagnetic theory in the context of the application
Gain an appreciation for the key electromagnetic terms and parameters
Learn how to apply the theory to formulate engineering problems
Obtain guidance to the specialized literature for additional details.
Since the Handbook of Engineering Electromagnetics is intended to be useful to
engineersengagedinelectromagneticapplicationsinavarietyofprofessionalsettings,the
coverage of topics is correspondingly broad in scope (as can be inferred from the table
of contents). In terms of fundamental concepts, the book includes coverage of Maxwell
equations, static fields, electromagnetic induction, waves, transmission lines, waveguides,
antennas, and electromagnetic compatibility (Chapters 1–10). In terms of electromagnetic
technologies, radar, wireless communication, satellite communication, and optical
communication are covered (Chapters 11–14). Chapter 15 provides an introduction
to various numerical techniques being used for computer-aided solutions to complex
electromagnetic problems. Given the ubiquitous nature of electromagnetic fields,
v
vi Preface
it is important to consider their biological effects and safety standards (Chapter 16).
Chapter 17 presents a concise survey of current and evolving biomedical applications,
while Chapter 18 is a review of the techniques used for measuring the electromagnetic
properties of biological materials. In terms of frequency range, this book spans the
spectrum from static fields to light waves, with special emphasis on the radio frequency/
microwaverange.Pertinentdataintheformoftablesandgraphsareprovidedwithinthe
context of the subject matter. In addition, Appendixes A and B are brief compilations of
important electromagnetic constants and units, respectively. Finally, Appendix C is a
convenient tutorial on vector analysis and coordinate systems.
To keep the size of this handbook manageable, certain topics (e.g., electrical
machines and semiconductor devices) had to be excluded. The primary guiding principle
has been to exclude applications where an analysis based on electromagnetic theory does
not play a significant role in actual engineering practice or areas where a meaningful
coverage could not be provided within the framework of the handbook.
Firstandforemost,Ithankallthecontributors,whosehardworkisreflectedinthese
pages. I would like to express my appreciation to Dr. Amir Faghri, Dean of the School
of Engineering, and Dr. Robert Magnusson, Head of the Electrical and Computer
Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, for supporting my request for a
sabbaticalleave(spring2003),whichfacilitatedthecompletionofthisproject.Myeditors
at Marcel Dekker, Inc., especially Taisuke Soda, provided valuable help and advice
throughout the project. I thank Anthony Palladino for his help in preparing the
manuscriptofAppendixC.Finally,Iwouldliketoexpressmygratitudetomyfamilyfor
their unfailing support and encouragement.
Rajeev Bansal
Contents
Preface v
1. Fundamentals of Engineering Electromagnetics Revisited 1
N. Narayana Rao
2. Applied Electrostatics 53
Mark N. Horenstein
3. Magnetostatics 89
Milica Popovic´, Branko D. Popovic´, and Zoya Popovic´
4. Electromagnetic Induction 123
Milica Popovic´, Branko D. Popovic´, and Zoya Popovic´
5. Wave Propagation 163
Mohammad Kolbehdari and Matthew N. O. Sadiku
6. Transmission Lines 185
Andreas Weisshaar
7. Waveguides and Resonators 227
Kenneth R. Demarest
8. Antennas: Fundamentals 255
David Thiel
9. Antennas: Representative Types 277
David R. Jackson, Jeffrey T. Williams, and Donald R. Wilton
10. Electromagnetic Compatibility 347
Christos Christopoulos
vii
viii Contents
11. Radar 377
Levent Sevgi
12. Wireless Communication Systems 417
Nathan Blaunstein
13. Satellite Communication Systems 483
Matthew N. O. Sadiku
14. Optical Communications 507
Joseph C. Palais
15. Numerical Techniques 549
Randy L. Haupt
16. Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields 579
Riadh Habash
17. Biomedical Applications of Electromagnetic Engineering 605
James C. Lin
18. Measurement Techniques for the Electromagnetic Characterization 631
of Biological Materials
Mohammad-Reza Tofighi and Afshin Daryoush
Appendix A: Some Useful Constants 677
Appendix B: Some Units and Conversions 679
Appendix C: Review of Vector Analysis and Coordinate Systems 681
Contributors
Nathan Blaunstein Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
Christo Christopoulos University of Nottingham, Nottingham, England
Afshin Daryoush Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Kenneth R. Demarest The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A.
Riadh Habash University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Randy L. Haupt Utah State University, Logan, Utah, U.S.A.
Mark N. Horenstein Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
David R. Jackson University of Houston, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
Mohammad Kolbehdari Intel Corporation, Hillsboro, Oregon, U.S.A.
James C. Lin University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.
Joseph C. Palais Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, U.S.A.
Branko D. Popovic´y University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Yugoslavia
Milica Popovic´ McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Zoya Popovic´ University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.
N.NarayanaRao UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-Champaign,Urbana,Illinois,U.S.A.
yDeceased.
ix
x Contributors
Matthew N. O. Sadiku Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, Texas, U.S.A.
Levent Sevgi DOGUS University, Istanbul, Turkey
David Thiel Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
Mohammad-Reza Tofighi Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
Andreas Weisshaar Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.A.
Jeffrey T. Williams University of Houston, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
Donald R. Wilton University of Houston, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.