Handbook of Energy Utilization In Agriculture

488 Pages·1980·17.63 MB·\488

by  David Pimentel (Author)

Handbook of
Energy Utilization
in Agriculture
Editor
David Pimentel
New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press Cis aRn Cim pPrirnet sosf ,t heInc.
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
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First published 1980 by CRC Press
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Reissued 2018 by CRC Press
© 1980 by CRC Press, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Handbook of energy utilization in agriculture.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Agriculture—Energy consumption. I. Pimentel, David, 1925-
S494.5.ESH36 333.7 79-4378
ISBN 0-8493-2661-3
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 79004378
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PREFACE
The aim of this volume is to collect and present available data, both published and
unpublished, on energy use in agriculture and forestry production. Energy analyses
for some sciences such as ecology are not new, but their applications to agriculture
started in 1973. These analyses have grown rapidly in number and complexity.
This handbook is intended for agriculturalists and others concerned with energy use
in crop, livestock, and forestry production. We have assembled the best data available,
but look forward to receiving comments and suggestions from researchers in helping
us strengthen any future editions.
The data presented in the Handbook focus specifically on the energy input aspects
of crop, livestock, and forest production. In these analyses no attempt was made to
assign an energy value to manpower although it is an input in all the systems studied.
Assigning an appropriate value to the energy cost of labor is difficult because of the
various means of measuring the energy cost of labor. These energy costs individually
or in various combinations might include: (1) the mechanical and heat energy expended
in doing a particular agricultural task; (2) food energy consumed per day per agricul-
tural worker; (3) accessory energy utilized specifically for the worker himself; (4) total
energy for the worker as a part of society including the government and the military
support systems; (5) total energy for the worker plus his family as a part of society.
In the analysis of the energy inputs for crop, livestock, and forest production, the
decision by the Advisory Board was not to measure the energy input for labor and to
employ process analysis for the accounting of the other specific energy inputs for ag-
ricultural production. The process analysis employed accounted for about 90% of en-
ergy inputs. To account for all the energy inputs, a combination of process analysis
and input/output analysis would be desirable.
For many crops details concerning the various inputs such as machinery are not fully
known, therefore "best estimates" had to be made. In most cases, averages of inputs
were used. Although these inputs vary from region to region and from farm to farm
in the United States, the estimated average input values at least give a base guideline.
We fully recognize the many limitations of energy accounting for crop, livestock,
and forest production. We feel, however, that the data assembled by the numerous
authors will prove valuable to agriculturalists as they strive to make more efficient use
of energy and other resources needed for successful crop, livestock, and forestry pro-
duction in the U.S. and elsewhere in the world.
The contributing Authors and Advisory Board to this handbook devoted consider-
able time and effort in assembling this handbook. The successful completion of this
handbook is due to their cooperation and hard work.
I am indebted to Ms. Nancy Goodman, Debra Alesbury, and Susan Pohl for their
valuable assistance in compiling this volume. I also wish to thank Sherry Derr of CRC
for her technical assistance in editing this handbook.
David Pimentel
THE EDITOR
David Pimentel is Professor of Insect Ecology and Agricultural Sciences in the De-
partment of Entomology, the Section of Ecology and Systematics, and the Field of
Natural Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University. Dr.
Pimentel received his B.S. in 1948 from the University of Massachusetts and his Ph.D.
in 1951 from Cornell University. From 1951 to 1954 he was Chief of the Tropical
Research Laboratory, U.S. Public Health Service, San Juan, Puerto Rico. From 1954
to 1955 he was post-doctoral research fellow at the University of Chicago; 1960 to
1961 OEEC Fellow at Oxford University (England); and 1961, Research Scholar at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was appointed an Assistant Professor of
Insect Ecology at Cornell University in 1955 and Associate Professor in 1961. In 1963
he was appointed Professor and Head of the Department of Entomology and Limnol-
ogy. He served as Head until 1969 when he returned to full time research and teaching.
Nationally he has served on numerous Presidential Committees and National Acad-
emy of Sciences Committees and Boards. In the recent World Food and Nutrition
Study of the NAS he chaired the Panel on Interdependencies of Population, Food,
Health, Energy, and the Environment. He is chairman of the Biomass Panel of Energy
Research Advisory Board of the U.S. Department of Energy. He is a Fellow of the
American Association for the Advancement of Science and Fellow of the Entomolog-
ical Society of Canada.
Dr. Pimentel has authored nearly 200 scientific publications, written two books, and
edited five books.
ADVISORY BOARD
J. Clair Batty Gary Heichel
Department of Mechanical and Department of Agronomy and Plant
Manufacturing Engineering Science
Utah State University University of Minnesota
Logan, Utah St. Paul, Minnesota
Vashek Cervinka
California State Department of Food
and Agriculture William Lockeretz
Sacramento, California Center for the Biology of Natural
Systems
Otto Doering Washington University
Commodity Economics Division St. Louis, Missouri
Economic Research Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Washington, D.C. James Nolfi
Center for Studies in Food Self-
Dan Dvoskin Sufficiency
The Center for Agricultural and Burlington, Vermont
Rural Development
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
William Stout
Department of Agricultural
Earle Gavett
Engineering
Economic Research Service
Michigan State University
National Economic Analysis
East Lansing, Michigan
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Washington, D.C.
Bruce Hannon Elinor C. Terhune
Energy Research Group Office of Arrid Land Studies
University of Illinois University of Arizona
Urbana, Illinois Tucson, Arizona
CONTRIBUTORS
M. W. Adams J. Clair Batty
Department of Crop and Soil Department of Mechanical and
Sciences Manufacturing Engineering
Michigan State University Utah State University
East Lansing, Michigan Logan, Utah
J. T. Alexander James A. Beutel
American Crystal Sugar Company Pomology Department
Moorhead, Minnesota University of California
Davis, California
M. S. Allen
Department of Animal Science G. A. Bradley
Cornell University Horticulture and Forestry
Ithaca, New York University of Arkansas
Fayetteville, Arkansas
Jose Alvarez
Food and Resource Economics Alvan R. Brick, Jr.
Department Section of Ecology and Systematics
Agricultural Research and Department of Entomology
Educational Center Cornell University
University of Florida Ithaca, New York
Belle Glade, Florida
L. W. Briggle
Max E. Austin Science and Education
Horticulture Department Administration
University of Georgia Agricultural Research
College of Agriculture U.S. Department of Agriculture
Coastal Plain Experiment Station Beltsville, Maryland
Tifton, Georgia
Roger Brook
P. K. Avlani Department of Agricultural
Agricultural Engineering Engineering
University of California Michigan State University
Davis, California East Lansing, Michigan
L. R. Baker Robert Bukantis
Department of Horticulture Department of Entomology
Michigan State University Cornell University
East Lansing, Michigan Ithaca, New York
J. Bardach Michael Burgess
Resource Systems Institute Department of Entomology
East-West Center Cornell University
Honolulu, Hawaii Ithaca, New York
George C. Burrill C. Kerry Gee
Center for Studies in Food Self- Economics, Statistics, and
Sufficiency Cooperative Services
Vermont Institute of Community U.S. Department of Agriculture
Involvement Colorado State University
Burlington, Vermont Fort Collins, Colorado
Vashek Cervinka Norman C. Glaze
California Department of Food and Science and Education
Agriculture Administration
Sacramento, California U.S. Department of Agriculture
Coastal Plain Station
William J. Chancellor Tifton, Georgia
Agricultural Engineering
University of California Nancy Goodman
Davis, California Department of Entomology
Cornell University
Sterling Chick Ithaca, New York
Department of Entomology
Cornell University W. R. Grant
Ithaca, New York Economics, Statistics and
Cooperatives Service
Norman I. Childers Department of Agricultural
Department of Horticulture and Economics
Forestry Texas A & M University
Rutgers University College Station, Texas
New Brunswick, New Jersey
G. H. Heichel
John J. Combs USDA, SEA, AR
Department of Range Sciences Department of Agronomy and Plant
Colorado State University Genetics
Fort Collins, Colorado University of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota
C. Wayne Cook
Department of Range Sciences Lynn A. Horel
Colorado State University Department of Agricultural
Fort Collins, Colorado Economics
University of California
R. C. Funt Davis, California
Department of Horticulture
Ohio State University Carl S. Hoveland
Columbus, Ohio Agronomy and Soil Department
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
G. J. Galletta
Agricultural Research R. Brian How
Science and Education Department of Agricultural
Administration Economics
U.S. Department of Agriculture Cornell University
Beltsville, Maryland Ithaca, New York
Hunter Johnson Jr. N. P. Martin
Extension Vegetable Specialist Department of Agronomy and Plant
University of California Genetics
Riverside, California University of Minnesota
St. Paul, Minnesota
Jack Keller
Department of Agricultural and Michael Miltner
Irrigation Engineering Department of Fisheries
Utah State University Louisiana State University
Logan, Utah Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Robert T. Kelly Philip A. Minges (Deceased)
Department of Horticulture and Department of Vegetable Crops
Forestry Cornell University
Rutgers University Ithaca, New York
New Brunswick, New Jersey
J. W. Mishoe
Agricultural Engineering Department
Dale E. Kester
University of Florida
Department of Pomology
Gainesville, Florida
University of California
Davis, California
Douglas B. Monteith
School of Forestry
Wayne R. Knapp
State University of New York
Department of Agronomy
College of Environmental Science
Cornell University
and Forestry
Ithaca, New York
Syracuse, New York
P. F. Knowles
Department of Agronomy and
Range Science Donald M. Nafus
University of California Science and Education
Davis, California Administration
U.S. Department of Agriculture
John Krummel Beltsville, Maryland
Environmental Sciences Division
Oak Ridge, National Laboratory James R. Nolfi
Oak Ridge, Tennessee Center for Studies in Food Self-
Sufficiency
F. W. Liu Burlington, Vermont
Department of Pomology
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York Martin R. Okos
Department of Agricultural
William Lockeretz Engineering
Northeast Solar Energy Center Purdue University
Cambridge, Massachusetts West Lafayette, Indiana
George C. Martin P. A. Oltenacu
Department of Pomology Department of Animal Science
University of California Cornell University
Davis, California Ithaca, New York
Charles E. Ostrander J. T. Reid (Deceased)
Department of Poultry Science Department of Animal Science
Cornell University Cornell University
Ithaca, New York Ithaca, New York
Donald K. Ourecky Herman J. Reitz
Department of Pomology and Institute of Food and Agricultural
Viticulture Sciences
New York State Agricultural Agricultural Research and Education
Experiment Station Center
Geneva, New York University of Florida
Lake Alfred, Florida
Robert M. Peart
Department of Agricultural Ray Ricaud
Engineering Department of Agronomy
Purdue University Center for Agricultural Sciences and
West Lafayette, Indiana Rural Science
Louisiana Agricultural Experiment
David Pimentel Station
New York State College of Louisiana State University
Agriculture and Life Sciences Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York Stephen P. Rochereau
International Energy Associates
Limited
Robert M. Pool
Washington, D.C. 20037
Department of Pomology and
Viticulture
J. N. Rutger
New York State Agricultural
Science and Education
Experiment Station
Administration
Geneva, New York
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Department of Agronomy and
E. L. Proebsting
Range Science
Irrigated Agriculture Research and
University of California
Extension Center
Davis, California
Washington State University
Prosser, Washington
Edward J. Ryder
David Ramming Agricultural Research
Federal Research Science and Education
Science and Education Administration
Administration U.S. Department of Agriculture
U.S. Department of Agriculture U.S. Agricultural Research Station
Fresno, California Salinas, California
D. L. Reeves Roger Sandsted
Plant Science Department Vegetable Crops Department
South Dakota State University Cornell Universityplthaca, New
Brookings, South Dakota York