Handbook of Energy-Aware and Green Computing - Two Volume Set

1220 Pages·2012·76.287 MB·English

by  Ishfaq Ahmad, Sanjay Ranka

Handbook of Energy-Aware
and Green Computing
Volume 1
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC
COMPUTER and INFORMATION SCIENCE SERIES
Series Editor: Sartaj Sahni
PUBLISHED TITLES HANDBOOK OF PARALLEL COMPUTING: MODELS,
ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS
ADVERSARIAL REASONING: COMPUTATIONAL
Sanguthevar Rajasekaran and John Reif
APPROACHES TO READING THE OPPONENT’S MIND
Alexander Kott and William M. McEneaney HANDBOOK OF REAL-TIME AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Insup Lee, Joseph Y-T. Leung, and Sang H. Son
DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKS
S. Sitharama Iyengar and Richard R. Brooks HANDBOOK OF SCHEDULING: ALGORITHMS, MODELS,
AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS: AN ALGORITHMIC APPROACH
Joseph Y.-T. Leung
Sukumar Ghosh
HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING IN REMOTE SENSING
ENERGY EFFICIENT HARDWARE-SOFTWARE
Antonio J. Plaza and Chein-I Chang
CO-SYNTHESIS USING RECONFIGURABLE HARDWARE
Jingzhao Ou and Viktor K. Prasanna INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK SECURITY
Douglas Jacobson
FUNDAMENTALS OF NATURAL COMPUTING: BASIC
CONCEPTS, ALGORITHMS, AND APPLICATIONS LOCATION-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS:
Leandro Nunes de Castro DEVELOPING REAL-TIME TRACKING APPLICATIONS
Miguel A. Labrador, Alfredo J. Pérez, and
HANDBOOK OF ALGORITHMS FOR WIRELESS
Pedro M. Wightman
NETWORKING AND MOBILE COMPUTING
Azzedine Boukerche METHODS IN ALGORITHMIC ANALYSIS
Vladimir A. Dobrushkin
HANDBOOK OF APPROXIMATION ALGORITHMS
AND METAHEURISTICS PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF QUEUING AND COMPUTER
Teofilo F. Gonzalez NETWORKS

G. R. Dattatreya
HANDBOOK OF BIOINSPIRED ALGORITHMS
AND APPLICATIONS THE PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF INTERNET COMPUTING
Stephan Olariu and Albert Y. Zomaya Munindar P. Singh
HANDBOOK OF COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY SCALABLE AND SECURE INTERNET SERVICES AND
Srinivas Aluru ARCHITECTURE
Cheng-Zhong Xu
HANDBOOK OF DATA STRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS
Dinesh P. Mehta and Sartaj Sahni SPECULATIVE EXECUTION IN HIGH PERFORMANCE
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURES
HANDBOOK OF DYNAMIC SYSTEM MODELING
David Kaeli and Pen-Chung Yew
Paul A. Fishwick
VEHICULAR NETWORKS: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE
HANDBOOK OF ENERGY-AWARE AND GREEN
Stephan Olariu and Michele C. Weigle
COMPUTING
Ishfaq Ahmad and Sanjay Ranka
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Handbook of Energy-Aware
and Green Computing
Volume 1
Edited by
Ishfaq Ahmad
Sanjay Ranka

© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
MATLAB® and Simulink® are trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. and are used with permission. The MathWorks does
not warrant the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® and Simulink®
software or related products does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular peda-
gogical approach or particular use of the MATLAB® and Simulink® software.
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20111115
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-5041-1 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the valid-
ity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this
form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or uti-
lized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopy-
ing, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the
publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://
www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For
organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents
Preface ......................................................................................................... ix
Editors.......................................................................................................... xi
Contributors.................................................................................................. xiii
PART I Components, Platforms, and Architectures
1 SubthresholdComputing .......................................................................... 3
J.KevinHicksandDhireeshaKudithipudi
2 Energy-EfficientNetwork-on-ChipArchitecturesforMulti-CoreSystems......... 21
ParthaPande,AmlanGanguly,SujayDeb,andKevinChang
3 Geyser:Energy-EfficientMIPSCPUCorewithFine-GrainedRun-TimePower
Gating.................................................................................................... 49
HiroshiSasaki,HideharuAmano,KimiyoshiUsami,MasaakiKondo,MitaroNamiki,
andHiroshiNakamura
4 Low-PowerDesignofEmergingMemoryTechnologies.................................. 67
YiranChen,HaiLi,YuanXie,andDiminNiu
PART II Energy-Efficient Storage
5 ReducingDelaysAssociatedwithDiskEnergyManagement........................... 93
PuranjoyBhattacharjee,AliR.Butt,GuanyingWang,andChrisGniady
6 Power-EfficientStrategiesforStorageSystems:ASurvey ................................ 107
MedhaBhadkamkarandBehroozShirazi
7 DynamicThermalManagementforHigh-PerformanceStorageSystems........... 129
YoungjaeKim,SudhanvaGurumurthi,andAnandSivasubramaniam
8 Energy-SavingTechniquesforDiskStorageSystems...................................... 147
JerryChou,JinohKim,andDoronRotem
v
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
vi Contents
9 ThermalandPower-AwareTaskSchedulingandDataPlacementforStorage
CentricDatacenters.................................................................................. 169
BingShiandAnkurSrivastava
PART III Green Networking
10 Power-AwareMiddlewareforMobileApplications........................................ 193
ShivajitMohapatra,M.RezaRahimi,andNaliniVenkatasubramanian
11 EnergyEfficiencyofVoice-over-IPSystems.................................................. 225
SalmanA.BasetandHenningSchulzrinne
12 IntelligentEnergy-AwareNetworks ............................................................ 239
Y.Audzevich,A.Moore,A.Rice,R.Sohan,S.Timotheou,J.Crowcroft,S.Akoush,
A.Hopper,A.Wonfor,H.Wang,R.Penty,I.White,X.Dong,T.El-Gorashi,
andJ.Elmirghani
13 GreenTCAM-BasedInternetRouters ......................................................... 283
TaniaMishraandSartajSahni
PART IV Algorithms
14 AlgorithmicAspectsofEnergy-EfficientComputing ..................................... 311
MarekChrobak
15 AlgorithmsandAnalysisofEnergy-EfficientSchedulingofParallelTasks.......... 331
KeqinLi
16 PowerSavingbyTask-LevelDynamicVoltageScaling:ATheoreticalAspect..... 361
TaewhanKim
17 SpeedScaling:AnAlgorithmicPerspective................................................... 385
AdamWierman,LachlanL.H.Andrew,andMinghongLin

18 ProcessorOptimizationforEnergyEfficiency............................................... 407
OmidAziziandBenjaminC.Lee
19 Energy-AwareSIMDAlgorithmDesignonGPUandMulticore
Architectures........................................................................................... 427
DaQiRenandReijiSuda
20 MemeticAlgorithmsforEnergy-AwareComputationandCommunications
OptimizationinComputingClusters .......................................................... 443
JohnatanE.Pecero,BernabéDorronsoro,MateuszGuzek,andPascalBouvry
PART V Real-Time Systems
21 OnlineJobSchedulingAlgorithmsunderEnergyConstraints.......................... 475
FeiLi
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents vii
22 Reliability-AwarePowerManagementforReal-TimeEmbeddedSystems ......... 493
DakaiZhuandHakanAydin
23 EnergyMinimizationforMultiprocessorSystemsExecutingReal-TimeTasks ... 519
YuminZhang,XiaoboSharonHu,andDannyZiyiChen
24 Energy-AwareSchedulingandDynamicReconfigurationinReal-Time
Systems.................................................................................................. 543
WeixunWang,XiaokeQin,andPrabhatMishra
25 AdaptivePowerManagementforEnergyHarvestingEmbeddedSystems.......... 573
JunLu,ShaoboLiu,QingWu,andQinruQiu
26 Low-EnergyInstructionCacheOptimizationTechniquesforEmbedded
Systems.................................................................................................. 595
AnnGordon-RossandMarishaRawlins
Index...................................................................................................... Index-1

© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Preface
Greencomputingisanemerginginterdisciplinaryresearchareaspanningthefieldsofcomputerscience
andengineering,electricalengineering,andotherengineeringdisciplines.Greencomputingorsustain-
able computing is the study and practice of using computing resources efficiently, which in turn can
impactaspectrumofeconomic,ecological,andsocialobjectives.Suchpracticesincludetheimplemen-
tationofenergy-efficientcentralprocessingunitprocessorsandperipheralsaswellasreducedresource
consumption.Duringthelastseveraldecadesandinparticularinthelastfiveyears,theareahasproduced
aprodigiousamountofknowledgethatneedstobeconsolidatedintheformofacomprehensivebook.
Researchersandengineersarenowconsideringenergyasafirst-classresourceandareinventingmeans
tomanageitalongwithperformance,reliability,andsecurity.Thus,aconsiderableamountofknowledge
has emerged, as is evident by numerous tracks in leading conferences in a wide variety of areas such
asmobileandpervasivecomputing,circuitdesign,architecture,real-timesystems,andsoftware.Active
researchisgoingoninpowerandthermalmanagementatthecomponent, software, andsystemlevel,
aswellasondefiningpowermanagementstandardsforserversanddevicesandoperatingsystems.Heat
dissipationcontrolisequallyimportant,forcingcircuitdesignersandprocessorarchitectstoconsidernot
onlyperformanceissuesbutalsofactorssuchaspackaging,reliability,dynamicpowerconsumption,and
thedistributionofheat.Thus,researchgrowthinthisareahasbeenexplosive.
Theaimofthiseditedhandbookistoprovidebasicandfundamentalknowledgeinallrelatedareas,
including,butnotlimitedto,circuitandcomponentdesign,software,operatingsystems,networkingand
mobilecomputing,anddatacenters.Asacomprehensivereference,thebookprovidesthereaderswith
thestateoftheartofvariousaspectsofenergy-awarecomputingatthecomponent,software,andsystem
level. It also provides a broad range of topics dealing with power-, energy-, and temperature-related
researchareasofcurrentimportance.
TheHandbookofEnergy-AwareandGreenComputingisdividedintotwovolumes,andits52chapters
arecategorizedinto10parts:
Volume1
PartI:Components,Platforms,andArchitectures
PartII:Energy-EfficientStorage
PartIII:GreenNetworking
PartIV:Algorithms
PartV:Real-TimeSystems
Volume2
PartVI:Monitoring,Modeling,andEvaluation
PartVII:SoftwareSystems
ix
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
x Preface
PartVIII:DataCentersandLarge-ScaleSystems
PartIX:GreenApplications
PartX:SocialandEnvironmentalIssues
Readersinterestedinarchitecture, networks, circuitdesign, software, andapplicationscanfinduseful
informationonthetopicsoftheirchoice.Forsomeofthetopics,therearemultiplechaptersthatessentially
addressthesameissuebutprovideadifferentanduniqueproblemsolvingandpresentationbydifferent
researchgroups.Ratherthantryingtohaveasingleunifiedview,wehavetriedtoencouragethisdiversity
sothatthereaderhasthebenefitofavarietyofperspectives.
Wehopethebookprovidesagoodcompendiumofideasandinformationtoawiderangeofindividuals
fromindustry,academia,nationallabsandindustry.Itshouldbeofinterestnotjusttocomputerscience
researchers but to several other areas as well, due to the inherent interdisciplinary nature of green
computing.
IshfaqAhmad
UniversityofTexasatArlington
Arlington,Texas
SanjayRanka
UniversityofFlorida
Gainesville,Florida
(cid:2) (cid:2)
ForMATLAB andSimulink productinformation,pleasecontact:
TheMathWorks,Inc.
3AppleHillDrive
Natick,MA,01760-2098USA
Tel:[phone]
Fax:[phone]
E-mail:[email protected]
Web:www.mathworks.com

© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Editors
IshfaqAhmadreceivedhisBScinelectricalengineeringfromthe
UniversityofEngineeringandTechnology,Pakistan,in1985,and
his MS in computer engineering and PhD in computer science
from Syracuse University, New York in 1987 and 1992, respec-
tively.Since2002,hehasbeenaprofessorofcomputerscienceand
engineeringattheUniversityofTexasatArlington.Priortothis,he
wasanassociateprofessorofcomputerscienceattheHongKong
UniversityofScienceandTechnology.Hisresearchfocusisonthe
broader areas of parallel and distributed computing systems and
their applications, optimization algorithms, multimedia systems,
videocompression,andenergy-awaregreencomputing.
Dr.Ahmadhasreceivednumerousresearchawards, including
threebestpaperawardsatleadingconferencesandthebestpaper
awardforIEEETransactionsonCircuitsandSystemsforVideoTechnology,theIEEEServiceAppreciation
Award, and the Outstanding Area Editor Award from IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for
VideoTechnology.HewaselevatedtotheIEEEFellowgradein2008.
Dr.Ahmad’scurrentresearchisfundedbytheU.S.DepartmentofJustice,theNationalScienceFoun-
dation,SRC,theDepartmentofEducation,andseveralcompanies.Heisthefoundingeditorinchiefofa
newjournal,SustainableComputing:InformaticsandSystems,andacofounderoftheInternationalGreen
ComputingConference.HeisaneditoroftheJournalofParallelandDistributedComputing,IEEETransac-
tionsonCircuitsandSystemsforVideoTechnology,IEEETransactionsonParallelandDistributedSystems,
andHindawiJournalofElectricalandComputerEngineering.Hehasguesteditedseveralspecialissuesand
hasbeenamemberoftheeditorialboardsoftheIEEETransactionsonMultimediaandIEEEConcurrency.
Sanjay Ranka is a professor in the Department of Computer
InformationScienceandEngineeringattheUniversityofFlorida,
Gainesville, Florida. His current research interests are energy-
efficient computing, high-performance computing, data mining,
andinformatics.Mostrecently,hewasthechieftechnologyofficer
atParamark,wherehedevelopedreal-timeoptimizationsoftware
foroptimizingmarketingcampaigns.Hehasalsoheldatenuredfac-
ultypositionatSyracuseUniversityandhasbeenaresearcher/visi-
toratIBMT.J.WatsonResearchLabsandHitachiAmericaLimited.
Dr.RankareceivedhisPhDandBTechincomputersciencefrom
theUniversityofMinnesotaandfromIIT,Kanpur,India,respec-
tively. He has coauthored 2 books, Elements of Neural Networks
xi
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC