Table Of ContentHANDBOOK OF
ENDOCRINOLOGY
Second Edition
VOLUME I
EDITED BY
.
George H Gass
.
Harold M Kaplan
CRC Press
Taylor&FrancisGroup
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
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ISBN13:978-0-8493-9429-4(hbk)
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CoverDesign: DeniseCraig
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
—
Handbookofendocrinology/editedbyGeorgeH.Gass,HaroldM.Kaplan. 2nded.
p. cm.
Rev.ed.of: CRChandbookofendocrinology/editors,GeorgeH.GassandHaroldM.
Kaplan,cl982.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN0-8493-9429-5(v.1 : alk.paper), - ISBN0-8493-9430-9(V.2 : alk.paper)
1. Endocrinology-Handbooks,manuals,etc. I. Gass,GeorgeH. II. Kaplan,Harold
Morris,1908- . III. CRChandb—ookofendorcinology. —
[DNLM:1.EndocrineGlands physiology. 2. Hormones physiology.
3. EndocrineDiseases. 4. Endocrinology. WK100H2361996]
QP187—.C731996
612'.4 dc20
DNLM/DLC
forLibraryofCongress 96-13983
CIP
LibraryofCongressCardNumber96-13983
PREFACE
This Handbook of Endocrinology,Volumes I and II,presents a review of selected topics
by36authors.Eachtopicisbroadinscopeandintensiveinapproach.Theendocrineliterature
is now soextensive that it would take several volumes toencompass it.
Thepresent book isageneral referencesourcefortheacademicendocrinologist,teacher,
and researcher,forgraduatestudents working in current areasof thefield,and for biologists
interested in the chemical control of bodily systems,adjunctive to neural regulation. Physi-
cians with special interests in endocrinology will find chapters that have considerable rele-
vance totheir work.The references provided herein are numerousand updated.Thedescrip-
tionsof theendocrineprocessesprovidedatainthefieldsofanatomy,histology,physiology,
and pathophysiology.
Overall, the reader will haveaccesstoacomprehensivesurvey of thechemical natureof
hormones, their synthesis, secretion and transport, their actions and mechanisms of action,
and theirdegradation and excretion, in mammals and man.
The editors fully appreciate the expertise and the large amount of time spent by the
contributors.This book is their work.
George H.Gass
Harold M. Kaplan
THE EDITORS
George H. Gass, Ph.D., is the retired Chairman of the Department of Basic Medical
Sciences of the Oklahoma State University College of Osteopathic Medicine (formerly the
OklahomaCollegeof OsteopathicMedicineandSurgery).Previously heheld thepositionof
Director,EndocrinologicPharmacologyResearchLaboratoryatSouthernIllinoisUniversity,
during which time he also held the positions of Professor of Physiology and Professor of
Medicine. He has had a very diverse career, including industry (Lederle Laboratories) and
government (Food and DrugAdministration).
Dr. Gass was awarded hisdoctorateatTheOhioState University.Following graduation
Dr.GassservedintheEndocrineBranchoftheFoodandDrugAdministrationinWashington,
D.C., where heperformed biological assay procedures, biostatistics,and endocrine research
for four years before leaving to enter higher education. Dr. Gass’ best known work in the
Food and DrugAdministration wasin theco-development of the uterine weight methodfor
estrogen assay and detection. Dr. Gass assumed his duties at Southern Illinois University,
Department of Physiology, in the fall of 1959 and immediately upon arrival set up the
Endocrinologic Pharmacology Research Laboratory. A number of students obtained their
research experience under Dr. Gass in that laboratory, where it was first discovered that a
quantitativemeasureofachemicalcarcinogen(diethylstilbestrol)-doseresponseofmammary
tumorsexisted.Thisresearchhasbecomeaclassicand,althoughpublishedin1964,hasmore
recently been repeated by theCenter forToxicological Research with Dr.Gassconsulting.
Dr.Gass,as a member of thestaff ofSouthern Illinois University,received a number of
honors and served on numerous occasions as a consultant for government and industry. Dr.
Gassisafellowof theAmericanAssociationofScience,anAlexandervonHumboldtfellow,
and aFullbright alumnus.
He was requested to serve as a consultantfor the National CenterforToxicology, Food
Administration, to help determine the carcinogenicity and estrogenicity of female sex hor-
mones, both naturally occurring and synthetic. During his 18 years at Southern Illinois
University he taught physiology and pharmacology. His last position as Chairman of the
DepartmentofBasicMedicalSciencesallowedhimintimatecontactwiththebasicscientists
in the college, including those in human anatomy, histology, pharmacology, physiology,
behavior,and biochemistry.
Harold M. Kaplan, Ph.D., isVisiting Professor in the Medical Preparatory Program in
the School of Medicine at Southern Illinois University (SIU) at Carbondale. Dr. Kaplan
receivedtheA.B.degreeatDartmouthCollegein1930,theA.M.degreeatHarvardUniversity
in 1931,and thePh.D.degreeatHarvardin1933.He wasanAssistantInstructoratHarvard,
1933-1934,andInstructortoProfessorofPhysiologyatMiddlesexUniversityMedicalSchool
in Massachusetts, 1934-1945, as well as Department Chairman for many years. He was
Professor of Veterinary Physiology and Department Chairman at Brandeis University from
1945 to1947.He wasAssociateProfessorof Physiologyat the Universityof Massachusetts
atFortDevensfrom1947to1949,servingasDepartmentChairmanin1948-1949.Dr.Kaplan
wasAssociateProfessoratSIUin1949andbecameProfessorof PhysiologyandDepartment
Chairman in 1971. He was simultaneously a professor in theSIU School of Medicinefrom
1974 to the present. He was Director of theSIUAnimal Quarters (Vivarium) intermittently
from 1950 to 1982.
Dr. Kaplan was President of the Illinois State Academy of Science, 1969-1970, and is
bothalifememberandhonorarymember.HewasPresidentof theAmericanAssociationfor
LaboratoryAnimalScience,1966-1967,andisalifememberand honorarymember.Hewas
on the Board of Directorsof the Instituteof LaboratoryAnimal Resources,1965-1969,and
the Illinois Society for Medical Research, 1962-1986. He was on the Science Advisory
Committee at Illinois Wesleyan University, 1970-1976. He was President of Sigma Xi
(NationalHonorSociety)SIUchapter,1989-1990,aswellasPhiKappaPhi(NationalHonor
Society), SIU chapter, 1976-1977 and 1983-1984. He was an editorial advisor for the
NationalForum,1986-1989.He wasPresidentof theEmeritus FacultyOrganizationatSIU,
1993-1995. Dr. Kaplan has served as Science Consultant for the Applied Research and
DevelopmentLaboratory in Mt.Vernon,IL,since1983.Heisafellowof theAAAS.He was
Chairman of theEditorial Board, LaboratoryAnimal Science, 1963-1974.
Dr. Kaplan is the co-author of about 200 research papersand has written 10 books. He
is a contributor tofive chapters in an accepted biological laboratory text.
CONTRIBUTORS
NancyA.M.Alexiuk AbbySolomon Hollander
Department ofAnatomy Pediatric Endocrinology
University of Manitoba St.LouisChildren’s Hospital
Winnipeg, Manitoba,Canada St.Louis,Missouri
RebeccaS. Bahn KathleenA. Jones
MayoClinic School of Medicine— MEDPREP
Rochester,Minnesota Southern Illinois University
Carbondale,Illinois
AndrzejBartke
Department of Physiology BessAdkinsMarshall
Southern Illinois University
Pediatric Endocrinology
School of Medicine St.LouisChildren’s Hospital
Carbondale,Illinois
St.Louis,Missouri
JohnB.Buse
BrahmShapiro
DiabetesCareCenter
Department of Internal & Nuclear Medicine
Chapel Hill, North Carolina
University of Michigan Medical Center
Ann Arbor,Michigan
Monica E. Doerr
Divisionof Endocrinology
William E.Sonntag
Universityof North Carolina
Department of Physiology & Pharmacology
School of Medicine
Chapel Hill, NorthCarolina GraySchool of Medicine atWake Forest
Winston-Salem, NorthCarolina
Warren E.Finn
Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Richard W.Steger
Collegeof Osteopathic Medicine Southern Illinois University
OklahomaState University School of Medicine
Tulsa,Oklahoma Carbondale,Illinois
Milton D. Gross Jerry Vriend
Department of Internal Medicine Department of Anatomy
University of Michigan Medical Center Universityof Manitoba
AnnArbor,Michigan Winnipeg, Manitoba,Canada
CharlesA. Hodson Hing-SingYu
Department of Obstetrics& Gynecology Instituteof Environmental Science
EastCarolina University &Technology
Greenville, North Carolina San Antonio,Texas
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Summation of Basic Endocrine Data 1
KathleenA.Jones
Chapter 2
Effectsof Environmental Factors on the EndocrineSystem 43
Hing-SingYu
Chapter 3
The Pineal Gland and Melatonin 69
Jerry Vriend and Nancy A.M.Alexiuk
Chapter 4
Environmental Modulation of Neuroendocrine Function 121
Richard W.Steger andAndrzej Bartke
Chapter5
Hypothalamic Neuroendocrine Regulation 157
Warren E.Finn
Chapter6
An Overview of the Biological Actions and NeuroendocrineRegulation
of Growth Hormone 171
William E.Sonntag
Chapter 7
Prolactin 203
CharlesA.Hodson
Chapter 8
Thyroid and Parathyroid Imaging 229
Brahm Shapiroand Milton D.Gross
Chapter9
Graves’Ophthalmopathy:The Role of Cytokines in Pathogenesis 287
Rebecca S. Bahn
Chapter 10
The Endocrine Pancreas 297
Monica E. Doerrand John B.Buse
Chapter 11
Geneticsof Endocrine Disordersand Diabetes Mellitus 315
BessAdkins Marshall and Abby Solomon Hollander
Index 347
Chapter 1
SUMMATION OF BASIC ENDOCRINE DATA
Kathleen A. Jones
CONTENTS
Thyroid Gland 2
Triiodothyronineand Thyroxine 2
Calcitonin (Thyrocalcitonin) 3
Parathyroid Gland 4
Parathyroid Hormone 4
Vitamin D 5
Relationship to Parathyroid Hormone 5
Thymus Gland 6
Pineal Gland 7
Circumventricular Organs 8
Adrenal Gland 8
Medulla 8
Cortex 9
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) 11
PosteriorLobe (Neurohypophysis) 11
Anterior Lobe 12
Kidney Hormones 15
Renin-Angiotensin System 15
Erythropoietin (Hemopoietin) 16
Cardiac Hormones 17
Atrial Natriuretic Factor 17
Gastrointestinal Hormones 18
Cholecystokinin (Pancreozymin) 18
Gastric Inhibitory Peptide 19
Gastrin 20
Motilin 20
Secretin 21
Substance P 22
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide 22
Pancreatic Hormones 23
Insulin 23
Glucagon 24
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