Table Of ContentHANDBOOK OF
EMERGENCY RESPONSE TO
TOXIC CHEMICAL RELEASES
A Guide to Compliance
by
Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Ph.D.
National Association of Safety & Health Professionals
NOYES PUBLICATIONS
Park Ridge, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Copyright Q 1995 by Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff
No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any informa-
tion storage and retrieval system, without permission
in writing from the Publisher.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 94-31268
ISBN: 0-8155-1365-8
Printed in the United States
Published in the United States of America by
Noyes Publications
Mill Road, Park Ridge, New Jersey 07656
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cheremisinoff, Nicholas P.
Handbook of emergency response to toxic chemical releases : a
guide to compliance / by Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-8155-1365-8
1. Hazardous substances--Safety measures--Handbooks, manuals, etc.
2. Hazardous substances--Accidents--Handbooks, manuals, etc.
3. Chemical spills--reporting--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title.
T55.3.H3C4857 1994
363.17’6--dc20 94-31268
CIP
ABOUTTHEAUTHOR
Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff is currently the Executive Director
of Training for the National Association of Safety & Health
Professionals, Morganville, New Jersey. Dr. Cheremisinoff has had
nearly twenty years of industrial, research and teaching experience
in environmental and process design. He has contributed
extensively to the industrial press, having authored, co-authored,
and edited over 100 engineering textbooks and numerous articles,
including Transportation of Hazardous Materials: A Guide to
Compliance; and the Professional Environmental Auditor's
Guidebook by Noyes Publications. He received his B.S., M.S., and
Ph.D. degrees in chemical engineering from Clarkson College of
Technology.
V
Notice
To the best of the Publisher's knowledge the information contained in this
publication is accurate; however, the Publisher assumes no responsibility
nor liability for errors or any consequences arising from the use of the
information contained herein. Final determination of the suitability of any
information, procedure, or product for use contemplated by any user, and
the manner of that use, is the sole responsibility of the user.
The book is intended for informational purposes only. The reader is
warned that caution must always be exercised when dealing with
chemicals, products, or procedures which might be considered hazardous.
Expert advice should be obtained at all times when implementation is
being considered.
Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use by the Publisher.
viii
PREFACE
This handbook has been prepared as a working reference for the safety officer,
the environmental engineer and the consultant. For the safety officer, this
handbook provides detailed guidelines and instructions in preparing Right-to-
Know Reporting Audits, establishing programs and training employees on hazard
awareness, and developing and implementing emergency response programs in the
workplace and at off-site operations.
For the environmental engineer, this handbook provides extensive technical data
on toxic chemical properties and detailed instructional aid on how to properly
prepare toxic chemical release inventory reporting. The volume contains numerous
examples on preparing SARA Title 111 chemical release reports and provides a
compendium of State and Regional contacts within the Environmental Protection
Agency.
For the environmental consultant, an extensive overview of corrective action
technologies is provided. Topics covered are the general concepts of corrective
action programs, facility investigation principles, treatment technologies for wastes
and waste streams, post treatment technologies and engineering considerations for
corrective measures implementation.
The handbook additionally provides an extensive overview and comparison of
commercially available computer systems and software for chemical emergency
planning. This section provides technical guidance for hazard analysis and
identification implementing regulatory requirements and descriptions of computer
applications and systems applicable under SARA Title 111.
The volume has been organized as a desk reference and for use in training
programs such as Employee Right-to-Know and OSHA 40-Hour Hazard Worker
Training (29 CFR 1910.120). Special gratitude is extended to Noyes Publications
for the fine production of this work.
Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Ph.D.
vii
CONTENTS
Section I: Emergency Response Basics and Hazards Awareness ................. 1
Sectionoverview ................................................ 1
First Responder .................................................. 3
Hazardous Materials Technician ...................................... 3
Hazardous Materials Specialist ....................................... 3
Definitions ..................................................... 5
How Hazardous Material is Harmful to People ............................ 5
Protective Clothing vs . Ordinary Clothing ................................ 6
Selfcare Precautions for Victim Assistance ............................... 7
Detecting Hazardous Materials Presence ................................. 8
Definitions .................................................... 12
IsolationBvacuation .............................................. 12
Incident Command System (ICs) ..................................... 15
Section 11: Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Report ....................... 19
Section Overview ............................................... 19
General Information .............................................. 20
How to Determine if Your Facility Must Submit EPA Form R ................ 24
Instructions for Completing EPA Form R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Appendix A-Blank Toxic Chemical Release Inventory Reporting Form R . . . . . . . . 69
Appendix %Reporting Codes for EPA Form R .......................... 77
Appendix C-Example of How a Hypothetical Facility Prepared Section 313
Reporting Form R ............................................ 81
Appendix D-Most Common Errors Found on Form R Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Appendix E-Supplier Notification Requirements ......................... 93
Appendix F-How to Determine Latitude and Longitude from Topographic Maps . . 99
e
Appendix G-State Designated Section 313 Contacts ...................... 10%
Appendix H-Section 313 EPA Regional Contacts ........................ 107
Section 111: Corrective Action Technologies ............................. 109
Section Overview .............................................. 1109
List of Acronymns ............................................. 110
Engineering Overview of the Corrective Action Program .................... 113
Engineering Considerations in the Facility Investigation .................... 117
ix
x Contents
Containment Options ............................................ 131
Engineering Considerations for the Corrective Measures Study ............... 139
Technology Options for the Treatment of Wastes and Waste Streams . . . . . 143
Pretreatment and Post Treatment Options ........................e ...e. .. 171
...........
Engineering Considerations for Corrective Measures Implementation 187
Section IV: Employer's Guide to Community Right-to-Know Reporting . . 191
.........................................a .e ..e .e .
Section Overview 191
..............................
Environmental Hazardous Substance List 195
List of Extremely Hazardous Substances and Their Threshold Planning Quantities 255
...............................
Standard Industrial Classification Codes 261
Section V: Computer Systems for Chemical Emergency Planning ............. 267
Section Overview .............................................. 267
Technical Guidance for Hazards Analysis .............................. 268
Suggested Procedure for Evaluating Emergency Response Planning Software
Applications ............................................... 269
Hazards Identification ........................................... 272
Vulnerability Analysis ........................................... 273
Risk Analysis ................................................. 275
Emergency Response Planning ..................................... 276
Identification of Regulatory Requirements .............................. 278
List of Computer Applications and Systems of Potential Use Under SARA
Title 111 ................................................... 279
Index ......................................................... 311
SECTION I.
EMERGENCY RESPONSE BASICS
AND HAZARD AWARENESS
SECTION OVERVIEW
This section provides an overview of important definitions and terminology that the Hazardous
Materials Worker and Emergency Response Personnel should know. Emergency response at
sites other than hazardous waste clean-up sites are emphasized. Under OSHA's 29 CFR1910.120
emergency response personnel (that will take some action to control the situation other than call
for help) shall be trained to a competence to protect themselves and other employees in:
the recognition of health and safety hazards.
methods to minimize the risk from safety and health hazards.
safe use of control equipment.
selection and use of appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
safe operating procedures at the incident scene.
techniques of coordination with other employees to minimize risks.
response to overexposure from health hazards or injury to themselves and others.
recognition of symptoms from overexposures.
Competency may be demonstrated by:
0 24 hours of training annually with training at least monthly, OR
0 demonstrations by the employee of competency in those areas at least quarterly.
The employer shall keep a record of the methodology used to demonstrate
competency.
Not all employees need to be trained to this degree.
0 First Responders need only awareness training to recognize that an emergency
response situation exists and are instructed to summon employees who are fully
trained. First Responders are not to attempt to control activities for which they
are not trained.
The First Responders training is OK only if
0 arrangements have been made in advance for a fully trained emergency response
team to respond in a reasonable period. The intent of the training requirements
is to ensure that fully trained personnel are available to respond to emergencies,
and that each individual emergency response organization is not required to have
a fully trained team.
1
2 Handbook of Emergency Response to Toxic Chemical Releases
Emergency Response Teams must be given the above required emergency response
training and also be trained in:
the care and use of chemical protective clothing.
0 procedures to be followed when working on leaking drums, containers, tanks or
bulk transport vehicles.
The section is prepared in short note form for easy reference and to obtain a quick overview of
essential elements.
Emergency Response Basics and Hazard Awareness 3
-First Responder -Hazardous Materials Technician
General. General.
First responders are divided into two levels of com- The hazardous materials technician shall meet all of
petency: first responder awareness and first responder op the objectives indicated for the First Responder. In ad-
erational. First responders at the awareness level shall be dition, that person shall meet the training and medical
trained to meet all d the requirements of Section -2 of surveillance program requirements in accordance with
this chapter and first responders at the operational level Federal OSHA and EPA regulations.
shall be trained to meet all of the requirements of Section
The goal of the hazardous materials technician level
.2 and Section -3 of this chapter. All first responders
is to provide the responders with the following competen-
shall receive annual training to meet federal Occupational
cies to respond safely to hazardous materials incidents:
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and En-
a. implement a safety plan
vironmental Protection Agency (EPA) requirements.
b. classification, identification and verification of
First Responder Awareness Level. known and unknown materials by using basic
monitoring equipment provided by the authority
The goal at the first responder awareness level is to
having jurisdiction
provide those persons, who in the course of their normal
c. function within an assigned role in the Incident
duties may be the first on the scene of a hazardous ma-
Command System
terials incident. with the following competencies to help
d. select and use proper specialized personal
them act in a safe manner when confronted with a hazard- protective equipment provided to the hazardous
ous materials incident materials technician by the authority having
a. an understanding of what hazardous materials
jurisdiction
are, and the risks associated with them in an
e. hazard and risk assessment techniques
incident
f. perform advanced hazardous materials control,
b. an understanding of the potential outcomes as- containment, and/or confinement operations
sociated with an emergency created when haz-
within the capabilities of the resources and per-
ardous materials are present
sonal protective equipment available
c. recognize the presence of hazardous materials in
g. implement decontamination procedures
an emergency
h. understand record keeping and termination
d. an ability to identify the hazardous materials and
procedures
determine basic hazard and response infor-
i. understand basic chemical, biological and radio-
mation
logical terminology and behavior
e. an understanding of the role of the first re-
sponder on the scene of a hazardous materials
incident or identified in the local contingency
plan for hazardous materials incidents
f. realize the need for additional resources and
make appropriate notifications -Hazardous Materials Specialist
g. initiate scene management (Incident Command
System, isolate immediate site, deny en@/, General
evacuate)
The Hazardous Materials Specialist shall meet all of
First Responder Operational Level. the objectives indicated for the First Responder and Haz-
ardous Materials Technician. In addition, that person shall
The goal at the first responder level is meet the medical surveillance program requirements in
to provide the designated first responder with the following accordance with federa] OSHA and EpA regulations,
competencies to resoond safelv to the incident.
a. know basil hazard and risk assessment tech- The goal of the hazardous materials specialist level
niques is to provide the advanced level response personnel with
b. the ability to select and use proper personal the following competencies to respond safely to hazardous
protective equipment provided to the first re- materials incidents:
sponder by the authority having jurisdiction for a. develop a safety plan
use in their normal response activities b. classification, identification and verification of
C. understand basic chemistry terms, biological known and unknown materials by using ad-
terms. and radiological terms vanced monitoring equipment provided by the
d. perform basic hazardous materials control. con- authority having jurisdiction
tainment and/or confinement operations within c. function within an assigned role in the Incident
the capabilities of the resources and personal Command System
protective equipment available d. ability to select and use proper specialized per.
e. perform basic decontamination procedures sonal protective equipment provided to the haz-
f. understand the need for record keeping and ter- ardous materials specialist by the authority
mination procedures having jurisdiction
