Handbook of electric power calculations

530 Pages·2001·4.509 MB·English

by  Beaty, H. Wayne

HANDBOOK OF
ELECTRIC POWER
CALCULATIONS
H. Wayne Beaty
Third Edition
MCGRAW-HILL
New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogotá
Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan
Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore
Sydney Tokyo Toronto
CONTENTS
Section 1. Basic Network Analysis 1.1
Section 2. Instrumentation 2.1
Section 3. dc Motors and Generators 3.1
Section 4. Transformers 4.1
Section 5. Three-Phase Induction Motors 5.1
Section 6. Single-Phase Motors 6.1
Section 7. Synchronous Machines 7.1
Section 8. Generation of Electric Power 8.1
Section 9. Overhead Transmission Lines and Underground Cables 9.1
Section 10. Electric-Power Networks 10.1
Section 11. Load-Flow Analysis in Power Systems 11.1
Section 12. Power-Systems Control 12.1
Section 13. Short-Circuit Computations 13.1
Section 14. System Grounding 14.1
v
vi CONTENTS
Section 15. Power-System Protection 15.1
Section 16. Power System Stability 16.1
Section 17. Cogeneration 17.1
Section 18. Stationary Batteries 18.1
Section 19. Electric Energy Economic Methods 19.1
Section 20. Lighting Design 20.1
Index I.1
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CONTRIBUTORS
Amick, Charles L. Lighting Consultant. (SECTION20:LIGHTINGDESIGN)
Chowdhury, Badrul H. Associate Professor,Electrical and Computer Engineering,University
of Missouri-Rolla. (SECTION11:LOAD-FLOWANALYSISINPOWERSYSTEMS)
Galli, Anthony W. Project Engineer, Newport News Shipbuilding. (SECTION 1: BASIC NETWORK
ANALYSIS)
Hollander, Lawrence J. Dean of Engineering Emeritus,Union College. (SECTION3:DCMOTORS
ANDGENERATORS; SECTION6:SINGLE-PHASEMOTORS; SECTION10:ELECTRIC-POWERNETWORKS; SECTION
13:SHORT-CIRCUITCOMPUTATIONS)
Ilic, Marija Senior Research Scientist,Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,Massachu-
setts Institute of Technology. (SECTION12:POWERSYSTEMSCONTROL)
Khan, Shahriar Electrical Design Engineer,Schlumberger Ltd. (SECTION2:INSTRUMENTATION)
Liu, Yilu (Ellen) Associate Professor,Electrical Engineering Department,Virginia Tech Univer-
sity. (SECTION4:TRANSFORMERS)
Mazzoni, Omar S. President, Systems Research International, Inc. (SECTION 7: SYNCHRONOUS
MACHINES)
Migliaro, Marco W. Chief Electrical and I&C Engineer, Nuclear Division, Florida Power &
Light. (SECTION7:SYNCHRONOUSMACHINES)
Oraee, Hashaam Professor, Electrical & Computer Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Insti-
tute. (SECTION5:THREE-PHASEINDUCTIONMOTORS)
Rivas, Richard A. Associate Professor, Universidad Simón Bolívar. (SECTION 9: OVERHEAD
TRANSMISSIONLINESANDUNDERGROUNDCABLES)
Robertson, Elizabeth President,Lyncole XIT Grounding. (SECTION14:SYSTEMGROUNDING)
Sauer, Peter W. Professor,Electrical Engineering,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
(SECTION16:POWERSYSTEMSTABILITY)
Schneider, Alexander W., Jr. Senior Engineer,Mid-America Interconnected Network. (SECTION
16:POWERSYSTEMSTABILITY)
Shaalan, Hesham Assistant Professor,Georgia Southern University. (SECTION8:GENERATIONOF
ELECTRICPOWER; SECTION17:COGENERATION)
Sheble, Gerald B. Professor, Iowa State University. (SECTION 19: ELECTRIC ENERGY ECONOMIC
METHODS)
Stocking, David R. Lyncole XIT Grounding. (SECTION14:SYSTEMGROUNDING)
vii
PREFACE
The Handbook of Electric Power Calculationsprovides detailed step-by-step calculation
procedures commonly encountered in electrical engineering. The Handbook contains a
wide array of topics and each topic is written by an authority on the subject.The treat-
ment throughout the Handbookis practicalwith very little emphasis on theory.
Each of the 20 Sections follows this format:
• Clear statement of the problem.
• Step-by-step calculation procedure.
• Inclusion of suitable graphs and illustrations to clarify the procedure.
• Use of SI and USCS equivalents.
This relatively simple,yet comprehensive format adds greatly to the use of the Hand-
book by the engineer or technician. Arithmetic and algebra are employed in the solution
of the majority of the problems. Each section contains a list of references or a bibliogra-
phy that is pertinent to the subject matter.
This edition also includes a CD that has calculation procedures available for inclusion
of other parameters,which will allow you to calculate problems with your specific num-
bers inserted.
Grateful acknowledgment is given to each of the authors for their contribution to this
3rd edition of the Handbook.
H. Wayne Beaty
ix
SECTION 1
BASIC NETWORK ANALYSIS
A. Wayne Galli, Ph.D.
Project Engineer
Newport News Shipbuilding
Series-Parallel dc Network Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1
Branch-Current Analysis of a dc Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6
Mesh Analysis of a dc Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7
Nodal Analysis of a dc Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.8
Direct-Current Network Solution Using Superposition Theorem . . . . . . . . 1.9
Direct-Current Network Solution Using Thevenin’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . 1.10
Direct-Current Network Solution Using Norton’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.11
Balanced dc Bridge Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.12
Unbalanced dc Bridge Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.13
Analysis of a Sinusoidal Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.14
Analysis of a Square Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.16
Analysis of an Offset Wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.17
Circuit Response to a Nonsinusoidal Input Consisting of a
dc Voltage in a Series with an ac Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.18
Steady-State ac Analysis of a Series RLCCircuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.19
Steady-State ac Analysis of a Parallel RLCCircuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.20
Analysis of a Series-Parallel ac Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.22
Analysis of Power in an ac Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.23
Analysis of Power Factor and Reactive Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.24
Power-Factor Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.25
Maximum Power Transfer in an ac Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.26
Analysis of a Balanced Wye-Wye System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.27
Analysis of a Balanced Delta-Delta System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.27
Response of an Integrator to a Rectangular Pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.30
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.31
SERIES-PARALLEL DC NETWORK ANALYSIS
A direct-current circuit (network) contains 19 resistors arranged as shown in Fig. 1.1.
Compute the current through and the voltage drop across each resistor in this circuit.
1.1
39495_01_p1.1-1.31 7/28/00 2:03 PM Page 1.2
1.2 HANDBOOK OF ELECTRIC POWER CALCULATIONS
FIGURE 1.1 A series-parallel dc circuit to be analyzed.
Calculation Procedure
1. Label the Circuit
Label all the sections. Mark the direction of current through each resistor (Fig.
1.2). The equivalent resistance of the series-parallel combination of resistors can be
found by successive applications of the rules for combining series resistors and paral-
lel resistors.
2. Combine All Series Resistors
In a series circuit,the total or equivalent resistance R seen by the source is equal to
EQS
the sum of the values of the individual resistors:R (cid:2)R (cid:3)R (cid:3)R (cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:4)(cid:4)(cid:3)R .
EQS 1 2 3 N
Calculate the series equivalent of the elements connected in series in sections DE,CG,
and GF: R (section DE)(cid:2)R (cid:3)R (cid:2)200(cid:3)40(cid:2)240 (cid:5), R (section CG)(cid:2)
EQS 13 14 EQS
R (cid:3) R (cid:2)200(cid:3)400(cid:2)600 (cid:5), and R (section GF)(cid:2)R (cid:3)R (cid:2)400(cid:3)200(cid:2)
7 8 EQS 10 11
600 (cid:5). Replace the series elements included in sections DE,CG,and GFby their equiva-
lent values (Fig. 1.3).
3. Combine All Parallel Resistors
In the case of a parallel circuit of two unequal resistors in parallel, the total or
equivalent resistance R can be found from the following product-over-sum equation:
EQP
R (cid:2)R (cid:2)R (cid:2)RR/(R (cid:3)R), where (cid:2) stands for in parallel with. The equivalent
EQP 1 2 1 2 1 2
parallel resistance is always less than the smaller of the two resistors.
In section CG, R (cid:2)R (cid:2)(1000(cid:6)1500)/(1000(cid:3)1500)(cid:2)600 (cid:5). Section CG now
5 6
consists of two 600-(cid:5) resistors in parallel. In a case of a circuit of N equal resistors in
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BASIC NETWORK ANALYSIS 1.3
FIGURE 1.2 Labeling the circuit of Fig. 1.1.
FIGURE 1.3 Series elements replaced by their equivalent values.
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