Handbook of dynamic system modeling

756 Pages·2007·8.54 MB·English

by  Paul A. Fishwick

Handbook of
Dynamic System Modeling
CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC
COMPUTER and INFORMATION SCIENCE SERIES
Series Editor: Sartaj Sahni
PUBLISHED TITLES
ADVERSARIAL REASONING: COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES TO READING THE OPPONENT’S MIND
Alexander Kott and William M. McEneaney
DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKS
S. Sitharama Iyengar and Richard R. Brooks
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS: AN ALGORITHMIC APPROACH
Sukumar Ghosh
FUNDEMENTALS OF NATURAL COMPUTING: BASIC CONCEPTS, ALGORITHMS, AND APPLICATIONS
Leandro Nunes de Castro
HANDBOOK OF ALGORITHMS FOR WIRELESS NETWORKING AND MOBILE COMPUTING
Azzedine Boukerche
HANDBOOK OF APPROXIMATION ALGORITHMS AND METAHEURISTICS
Teofilo F. Gonzalez
HANDBOOK OF BIOINSPIRED ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS
Stephan Olariu and Albert Y. Zomaya
HANDBOOK OF COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Srinivas Aluru
HANDBOOK OF DATA STRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS
Dinesh P. Mehta and Sartaj Sahni
HANDBOOK OF DYNAMIC SYSTEM MODELING
Paul A. Fishwick
HANDBOOK OF SCHEDULING: ALGORITHMS, MODELS, AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
Joseph Y.-T. Leung
THE PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF INTERNET COMPUTING
Munindar P. Singh
SCALABLE AND SECURE INTERNET SERVICES AND ARCHITECTURE
Cheng-Zhong Xu
SPECULATIVE EXECUTION IN HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTER ARCHITECTURES
David Kaeli and Pen-Chung Yew
Handbook of
Dynamic System Modeling
Edited by
Paul A. Fishwick
University of Florida
Gainesville, U.S.A.
Chapman & Hall/CRC
Taylor & Francis Group
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© 2007 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Chapman & Hall/CRC is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
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International Standard Book Number‑10: 1‑58488‑565‑3 (Hardcover)
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Handbook of dynamic system modeling / editor, Paul A. Fishwick.
p. cm. ‑‑ (Chapman & Hall/CRC computer & information science series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN‑13: 978‑1‑58488‑565‑8 (alk. paper)
ISBN‑10: 1‑58488‑565‑3 (alk. paper)
1. Computer simulation. 2. System design. I. Fishwick, Paul A. II. Title. III. Series.
QA76.9.C65H345 2007
003’.3‑‑dc22 2007000718
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
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Contents
Abstract................................................................................................................................................... xiii
IntendedAudience .............................................................................................................................. xv
Preface..................................................................................................................................................... xvii
Editor....................................................................................................................................................... xix
Contributors.......................................................................................................................................... xxi
I Introduction
1
TheLanguagesofDynamicSystemModeling PaulA.Fishwick ................................ 1-1
1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 DynamicSystemModelingExamples ................................................................................ 1-2
1.3 TaxonomicApproaches....................................................................................................... 1-3
1.4 Language .............................................................................................................................. 1-3
1.5 Syntax................................................................................................................................... 1-5
1.6 Semantics ............................................................................................................................. 1-7
1.7 Pragmatics............................................................................................................................ 1-10
1.8 Summary.............................................................................................................................. 1-10
2
TheDynamicsoftheComputationalModelingofAnalogy-Making
RobertM.French.............................................................................................................................. 2-1
2.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.2 Analogy-MakingasSameness.............................................................................................. 2-2
2.3 Analogy-MakingasaMeansof“Bootstrapping”Cognition............................................. 2-3
2.4 TheNecessityofMalleableRepresentations ...................................................................... 2-3
2.5 TheDynamicsofRepresentation-BuildinginAnalogy-Making ...................................... 2-5
2.6 Context-DependentComputationalTemperature............................................................ 2-6
2.7 InteractionbetweenTop-DownandBottom-UpProcesses:AnExample ....................... 2-6
2.8 ComputationalModelsImplementingthisBottom-Up/Top-DownInteraction ............ 2-8
2.9 ArchitecturalPrinciples....................................................................................................... 2-8
2.10 HowthisTypeofProgramWorks:TheDetails ................................................................. 2-12
2.11 HowTabletopFindsaReasonableSolution....................................................................... 2-13
2.12 TheIssueofScalingUp....................................................................................................... 2-16
2.13 ThePotentialLong-TermImpactoftheMechanismsPresented...................................... 2-16
2.14 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................... 2-16
v
vi Contents
3
ImpactoftheSemanticWebonModelingandSimulation
JohnA.Miller,CongzhouHeandJuliaI.Couto.............................................................................. 3-1
3.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 3-1
3.2 SemanticWeb:RelevantIssues ........................................................................................... 3-2
3.3 ConceptualBasisforDiscrete-EventSimulation............................................................... 3-4
3.4 TypesofMathematicalModels........................................................................................... 3-6
3.5 AddingSemanticstoSimulationModels........................................................................... 3-10
3.6 OverviewofDeSO............................................................................................................... 3-12
3.7 OverviewofDeMO ............................................................................................................. 3-14
3.8 Summary.............................................................................................................................. 3-18
4
SystemsEngineering AndrewP.Sage.................................................................................. 4-1
4.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 4-1
4.2 SystemsEngineering............................................................................................................ 4-2
4.3 TheImportanceofTechnicalDirectionandSystemsManagement................................. 4-4
4.4 OtherPartsoftheStory ...................................................................................................... 4-8
4.5 Summary.............................................................................................................................. 4-9
5
BasicElementsofMathematicalModeling CliveL.Dym ........................................... 5-1
5.1 PrinciplesofMathematicalModeling ................................................................................ 5-2
5.2 DimensionalConsistencyandDimensionalAnalysis ....................................................... 5-3
5.3 AbstractionandScale .......................................................................................................... 5-9
5.4 ConservationandBalancePrinciples................................................................................. 5-17
5.5 TheRoleofLinearity........................................................................................................... 5-19
5.6 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................... 5-20
6
DEVSFormalismforModelingofDiscrete-EventSystems TagGonKim.............. 6-1
6.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 6-1
6.2 System-TheoreticDESModeling........................................................................................ 6-3
6.3 DEVSFormalismforDESModeling.................................................................................. 6-3
6.4 DESAnalysiswithDEVSModel......................................................................................... 6-7
6.5 SimulationofDEVSModel................................................................................................. 6-10
6.6 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 6-12
II ModelingMethodologies
7
Domain-SpecificModeling JeffGray,Juha-PekkaTolvanen,StevenKelly,
AniruddhaGokhale,SandeepNeemaandJonathanSprinkle ......................................................... 7-1
7.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 7-1
7.2 EssentialComponentsofaDomain-SpecificModelingEnvironment ............................ 7-2
7.3 CaseStudiesinDSM ........................................................................................................... 7-6
7.4 OverviewofSupportingTools............................................................................................ 7-17
7.5 Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 7-18
8
Agent-OrientedModelinginSimulation:AgentsforModeling,and
ModelingforAgents AdelindeM.UhrmacherandMathiasRöhl ..................................... 8-1
8.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................... 8-1
8.2 AgentsforModelinginSimulation .................................................................................... 8-3
Contents vii
8.3 ModelingandSimulationforAgents .............................................................................. 8-6
8.4 Conclusion........................................................................................................................ 8-10
9
DistributedModeling SimonJ.E.Taylor ........................................................................ 9-1
9.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................... 9-1
9.2 ModelingwithCOTSSimulationPackages .................................................................... 9-2
9.3 DistributedSimulation..................................................................................................... 9-3
9.4 CSP-BasedDistributedSimulation.................................................................................. 9-5
9.5 AStandards-BasedApproach........................................................................................... 9-7
9.6 CaseStudy......................................................................................................................... 9-13
9.7 Conclusion........................................................................................................................ 9-16
10
ModelExecution KalyanS.Perumalla.............................................................................10-1
10.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................10-1
10.2 Time-SteppedExecution..................................................................................................10-5
10.3 Discrete-EventExecution.................................................................................................10-7
10.4 Summary...........................................................................................................................10-13
11
Discrete-EventSimulationofContinuousSystems JamesNutaro ....................... 11-1
11.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................11-1
11.2 SimulatingaSingleOrdinaryDifferentialEquation ......................................................11-2
11.3 SimulatingCoupledOrdinaryDifferentialEquations ...................................................11-6
11.4 DEVSRepresentationofDiscrete-EventIntegrators......................................................11-8
11.5 TheHeatEquation ...........................................................................................................11-13
11.6 ConservationLaws ...........................................................................................................11-16
11.7 Two-PointIntegrationSchemes.......................................................................................11-19
11.8 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................11-21
III MultiobjectandSystem
12
TowardaMultimodelHierarchytoSupportMultiscaleSimulation
MarkS.Shephard,E.SeegyoungSeolandBenjaminFrantzDale ................................................ 12-1
12.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................12-1
12.2 FunctionalandInformationHierarchiesinMultiscaleSimulation ..............................12-4
12.3 ConstructingaMultimodel:DesignofFunctionalComponentstoSupport
MultiscaleSimulations.....................................................................................................12-10
12.4 ExampleMultimodelSimulationProcedures.................................................................12-14
12.5 ClosingRemarks...............................................................................................................12-15
13
FiniteElements MarcHoitandGaryConsolazio ............................................................. 13-1
13.1 FiniteElementTheory......................................................................................................13-1
13.2 MembraneElements.........................................................................................................13-9
13.3 FlatPlateandShellElements...........................................................................................13-12
13.4 SolidElements ..................................................................................................................13-15
13.5 Dynamics ..........................................................................................................................13-16
13.6 Summary...........................................................................................................................13-21
viii Contents
14
Multimodeling MinhoPark,PaulA.FishwickandJinhoLee...........................................14-1
14.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................14-1
14.2 SceneConstruction ..........................................................................................................14-5
14.3 MultimodelingExchangeLanguage(MXL)....................................................................14-11
14.4 DynamicExchangeLanguage(DXL)..............................................................................14-13
14.5 ABoilingWaterExample .................................................................................................14-20
14.6 Conclusion........................................................................................................................14-27
15
HybridDynamicSystems:ModelingandExecution PieterJ.Mosterman............15-1
15.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................15-1
15.2 HybridDynamicSystems.................................................................................................15-3
15.3 HybridDynamicSystemBehaviors.................................................................................15-9
15.4 AnImplementation..........................................................................................................15-12
15.5 AdvancedTopicsinHybridDynamicSystemSimulation..............................................15-17
15.6 PathologicalBehaviorClasses..........................................................................................15-22
15.7 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................15-23
16
TheoryandPracticeforSimulationInterconnection:Interoperabilityand
ComposabilityinDefenseSimulation ErnestH.Page...............................................16-1
16.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................16-1
16.2 ThePracticeofSimulationInterconnection—SimulationInteroperability.................16-2
16.3 TheTheoryofSimulationInterconnection—SimulationComposability....................16-6
16.4 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................16-9
IV ModelTypes
17
OrdinaryDifferentialEquations FranciscoEsquembreandWolfgangChristian........17-1
17.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................17-1
17.2 NumericalSolution ..........................................................................................................17-3
17.3 TaylorMethods.................................................................................................................17-5
17.4 Runge–KuttaMethods......................................................................................................17-7
17.5 Implementation................................................................................................................17-8
17.6 AdaptiveStep ....................................................................................................................17-11
17.7 ImplementationofAdaptiveStep....................................................................................17-12
17.8 PerformanceandOtherMethods....................................................................................17-15
17.9 StateEvents .......................................................................................................................17-19
17.10 TheOSPLibrary...............................................................................................................17-20
18
DifferenceEquationsasDiscreteDynamicalSystems HassanSedaghat ..............18-1
18.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................18-1
18.2 BasicConcepts..................................................................................................................18-2
18.3 First-OrderDifferenceEquations....................................................................................18-4
18.4 HigherOrderDifferenceEquations ................................................................................18-8
19
ProcessAlgebra J.C.M.Baeten,D.A.vanBeekandJ.E.Rooda........................................19-1
19.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................19-1
19.2 SyntaxandInformalSemanticsoftheχProcessAlgebra..............................................19-4
19.3 AlgebraicReasoningandVerification..............................................................................19-11
19.4 Conclusions.......................................................................................................................19-19
Contents ix
20
TemporalLogic AntonyGalton.........................................................................................20-1
20.1 PropositionalLogic...........................................................................................................20-1
20.2 IntroducingTemporalLogic............................................................................................20-3
20.3 SyntaxandSemantics.......................................................................................................20-5
20.4 ModelsofTime.................................................................................................................20-6
20.5 FurtherExtensionstotheFormalLanguage...................................................................20-11
20.6 IllustrativeExamples ........................................................................................................20-11
20.7 Conclusion........................................................................................................................20-14
20.8 FurtherReading................................................................................................................20-14
21
ModelingDynamicSystemswithCellularAutomata
PeterM.A.SlootandAlfonsG.Hoekstra ...................................................................................... 21-1
21.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................21-1
21.2 ABitofHistory.................................................................................................................21-2
21.3 CellularAutomatatoModelDynamicalSystems ...........................................................21-3
21.4 One-DimensionalCAs.....................................................................................................21-3
21.5 LatticeGasCellularAutomataModelsofFluidDynamics............................................21-5
22
Spatio-TemporalConnectionistNetworks StefanC.Kremer .................................. 22-1
22.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................22-1
22.2 ConnectionistNetworks(CNs).......................................................................................22-2
22.3 Spatio-TemporalConnectionistNetworks .....................................................................22-4
22.4 RepresentationalPower....................................................................................................22-6
22.5 Learning ............................................................................................................................22-6
22.6 Applications......................................................................................................................22-8
22.7 Conclusion........................................................................................................................22-9
23
ModelingCausalitywithEventRelationshipGraphs LeeSchruben......................23-1
23.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................23-1
23.2 BackgroundandDefinitions............................................................................................23-2
23.3 EnrichmentstoEventRelationsGraphs..........................................................................23-7
23.4 RelationshipstoOtherDiscrete-EventSystemModelingMethods...............................23-10
23.5 SimulationofEventRelationshipGraphs.......................................................................23-16
23.6 EventRelationshipGraphAnalysis..................................................................................23-16
23.7 ExperimentingwithERGs................................................................................................23-17
24
PetriNetsforDynamicEvent-DrivenSystemModeling JiacunWang ................24-1
24.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................24-1
24.2 PetriNetDefinition..........................................................................................................24-1
24.3 TransitionFiring...............................................................................................................24-3
24.4 ModelingPower................................................................................................................24-4
24.5 PetriNetProperties..........................................................................................................24-5
24.6 AnalysisofPetriNets........................................................................................................24-7
24.7 ColoredPetriNets ............................................................................................................24-10
24.8 TimedPetriNets...............................................................................................................24-12
24.9 ConcludingRemark .........................................................................................................24-16
25
QueueingSystemModels ChristosG.Cassandras.........................................................25-1
25.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................25-1
25.2 SpecificationofQueueingSystemModels......................................................................25-2