Table Of ContentDK2375_half-series-title 6/27/05 4:01 PM Page A
HANDBOOK OF DETERGENTS
Part D: Formulation
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HANDBOOK
OF DETERGENTS
Part D: Formulation
Edited by
Michael S. Showell
Procter & Gamble Company
Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A.
Boca Raton London New York Singapore
A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
iv Preface
This volume of the Handbook of Detergents series provides a review of the process
and chemical technologies involved in producing various detergent formulations. Attention
is given to formulations in the consumer products area—laundry detergents, dishwashing
products, and household cleaning formulations (Chapters 3–7) as well as a number of
specialty areas like Auto Care and Industrial/Institutional Products (Chapter 8), Textile
Processing (Chapter 9), Separation Science (Chapter 10), Oil Recovery (Chapter 11),
Environmental Cleanup (Chapter 12), Paints and Colorants (Chapter 13), Polymerization
Processes (Chapter 14), and Lubricants (Chapter 15). Formulations based on N-alkyl amide
sulfates are covered in Chapter 16.
A major aim of this book is to provide the reader with some general guidance on
formulation approaches. To that end, Chapter 2 provides an overview of the use of statistical
mixture design in detergent formulations.
This book should serve as a useful reference for scientists, engineers, technicians,
managers, policymakers, and students having an interest in detergents and emerging
technology trends and formulations that will sustain the industry for years to come.
I would like to thank the contributing authors for their time in preparing the highly
authoritative individual chapters for this volume, Dr. Uri Zoller for his helpful suggestions
and guidance, and Helena Redshaw for her patience, encouragement, and support.
Michael S. Showell
About the Editor
Michael S. Showell joined Procter & Gamble in 1984 in the Packaged Soap Division and
has had various assignments with increasing responsibilities within P&G’s laundry and
cleaning product research and development community. He currently is associate director
of R&D in the Fabric & Home Care Technology Division at P&G’s Miami Valley Inno-
vation Center in Cincinnati, Ohio. His research interests include: enzymes and their
application in laundry and cleaning products, enzyme/detergent interactions, protein engi-
neering to improve enzymes for use in consumer product applications, enzymatic synthesis
of detergent ingredients, bioremediation, bioprocessing, and detergents. He is author or
coauthor of a number of articles, book chapters, and presentations on the use of enzymes
in laundry and cleaning products. In 1999 he was one of the recipients of the American
Chemical Society award for Team Innovation. Mike received a B.S. in chemistry from
Willamette University in 1978, and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in physical chemistry from
Purdue University in 1980 and 1983, respectively.
v
Contributors
Thanaa Abdel-Moghny, Application Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Insti-
tute, Cairo, Egypt
Achim Ansmann, Cognis Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Düsseldorf, Germany
Shoaib Arif, Noveon, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio
Samir S. Ashrawi, Surface Sciences Division, The Austin Laboratories, Huntsman Cor-
poration, Austin, Texas
Alessandra Bianco Prevot, Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica. Università di Torino,
Torino, Italy
Jean-François Bodet, Brussels Technical Center, Procter & Gamble Eurocor NV,
Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
Peter Busch, Cognis Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Düsseldorf, Germany
Jeffrey H. Harwell, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and The
Institute for Applied Surfactant Research, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla-
homa and Surbec-ART Environmental, LLC, Norman, Oklahoma
Hermann Hensen, Cognis Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Düsseldorf, Germany
Karlheinz Hill, Cognis Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Monheim, Germany
Krister Holmberg, Department of Applied Surface Chemistry, School of Chemical and
Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
Tze-Chi Jao, Research & Development Department, Afton Chemical Corporation, Rich-
mond, Virginia
Glenn T. Jordan, Fabric & Home Care Technology Division, Miami Valley Innovation
Center, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio
Robert C. Knox, School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and The Insti-
tute for Applied Surfactant Research, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
and Surbec-ART Environmental, LLC, Norman, Oklahoma
Hans-Udo Krächter, Cognis Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Düsseldorf, Germany
Hiromoto Mizushima, Material Development Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation,
Wakayama, Japan
Felix Mueller, Degussa AG Goldschmidt Home Care, Essen, Germany
Michael Müller, Cognis Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Düsseldorf, Germany
vii
viii Contributors
Charles A. Passut, Research & Development Department, Afton Chemical Corporation,
Richmond, Virginia
Jörg Peggau, Degussa AG Goldschmidt Home Care, Essen, Germany
Gianmarco Polotti, Lamberti SpA, Albizzate, Italy
Edmondo Pramauro, Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica, Università di Torino,Torino,
Italy
Kenneth N. Price, Global Household Care Technology Division, Miami Valley Innova-
tion Center, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio
David A. Sabatini, School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, and School
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and The Institute for Applied Surfactant
Research, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma and Surbec-ART Environ-
mental, LLC, Norman, Oklahoma
William M. Scheper, Fabric & Home Care Technology Division, Miami Valley Inno-
vation Center, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio
Stefano Scialla, Italia SpA, Pescara Technical Center, The Procter & Gamble Company,
Pescara, Italy
Jichun Shi, Fabric & Home Care Technology Division, Miami Valley Innovation Center,
The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio
Ben Shiau, Surbec-ART Environmental, LLC, Norman, Oklahoma
Michael S. Showell, Fabric & Home Care Technology Division, Miami Valley Innova-
tion Center, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio
Mark R. Sivik, Fabric & Home Care Technology Division, Miami Valley Innovation
Center, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio
George A. Smith, Surface Sciences Division, The Austin Laboratories, Huntsman Cor-
poration, Austin, Texas
Brian X. Song, Home Care Product Development, Ivorydale Innovation Center, The
Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio
Oreste Todini, Household Care, Bruxelles Innovation Center, The Procter & Gamble
Company, Bruxelles, Belgium
Jiping Wang, Fabric & Home Care Technology Division, The Procter & Gamble Com-
pany, Cincinnati, Ohio
Randall A. Watson, Beijing Technical Center, The Procter & Gamble Company,
Beijing, P.R. China
Yong Zhu, Fabric & Home Care Technology Division, The Procter & Gamble Company,
Cincinnati, Ohio
Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Detergents 1
Michael S. Showell
2. Statistical Mixture Design for Optimization of Detergent Formulations 27
Samir S. Ashrawi and George A. Smith
3 . Laundry Detergent Formulations 51
Randall A. Watson
4 . Dishwashing Detergents for Household Applications 105
Jichun Shi, William M. Scheper, Mark R. Sivik, Glenn T. Jordan,
Jean-François Bodet, and Brian X. Song
5. The Formulation of Liquid Household Cleaners 153
Stefano Scialla
6. Liquid Bleach Formulations 179
Stefano Scialla and Oreste Todini
7. Personal Care Formulations 207
Achim Ansmann, Peter Busch, Hermann Hensen, Karlheinz Hill,
Hans-Udo Krächter, and Michael Müller
8. Special Purpose Cleaning Formulations: Auto Care and
Industrial/Institutional Products 261
Felix Mueller, Jörg Peggau, and Shoaib Arif
9. Surfactant Applications in Textile Processing 279
Jiping Wang and Yong Zhu
10. Detergent Formulations in Separation Science 305
Edmondo Pramauro and Alessandra Bianco Prevot
11. Surfactant Formulations in Enhanced Oil Recovery 325
Thanaa Abdel-Moghny
ix
