Handbook of Depression in Adolescents

728 Pages·2008·4.78 MB·English

by  Susan Nolen-Hoeksema

Handbook of
Depression in
Adolescents
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Handbook of
Depression in
Adolescents
Edited by
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New York London
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Routledge Routledge
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International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8058-6235-5 (Hardcover)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of depression in adolescents / [edited by] Susan Nolen-Hoeksema and Lori M. Hilt.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8058-6235-5 (hardbound : alk. paper)
1. Depression in adolescence--Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan, 1959- II. Hilt,
Lori M.
[DNLM: 1. Depression. 2. Depressive Disorder. 3. Adolescent. WM 171 H2108 2008]
RJ506.D4H357 2008
616.85’2700835--dc22 2008016556
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
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Contents
Preface vii
About the Editors xi
Contributors xiii
Section I: Assessment, Diagnosis, and Epidemiology 1
Chapter 1 A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on
Adolescent Depression 3
Dante Cicchetti and Sheree L. Toth
Chapter 2 Diagnosis and Assessment of Adolescent Depression 33
Cecilia A. Essau and Thomas H. Ollendick
Chapter 3 The Epidemiology of Depression in Adolescents 53
Kathleen Ries Merikangas and Erin Knight
Chapter 4 D epression Among Racially, Ethnically, and
Culturally Diverse Adolescents 75
LaRue Allen and Jennifer Astuto
Chapter 5 T he Emergence of Gender Differences in
Depression in Adolescence 111
Lori M. Hilt and Susan Nolen-Hoeksema
Section II: Related Conditions 137
Chapter 6 Comorbidities with Adolescent Depression 139
Paul Rohde
Chapter 7 Bipolar Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence 179
Dawn O. Taylor and David J. Miklowitz
Chapter 8 S uicide and Nonsuicidal Self-Injurious Behaviors
Among Youth: Risk and Protective Factors 207
Colleen M. Jacobson and Madelyn Gould
Section III: Biological Factors 237
Chapter 9 E arly Onset Depression: Meanings, Mechanisms,
and Processes 239
Ian M. Goodyer
Chapter 10 The Genetics of Adolescent Depression 259
Jennifer Y. F. Lau and Thalia C. Eley
Chapter 11 Sleep and Its Relationship to Adolescent Depression 279
Amy R. Wolfson and Roseanne Armitage
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vi Contents
Section IV: Psychosocial Factors 303
Chapter 12 S tress Exposure and Stress Generation in Adolescent
Depression 305
Constance Hammen
Chapter 13 C ognitive Vulnerability to Depression in Adolescents:
A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective 335
John R. Z. Abela and Benjamin L. Hankin
Chapter 14 The Interpersonal Context of Adolescent Depression 377
Karen D. Rudolph
Chapter 15 C oping and Emotion Regulation: Implications for
Understanding Depression During Adolescence 419
Bruce E. Compas, Sarah S. Jaser, and Molly A. Benson
Chapter 16 P arental Depression: Impact on Offspring and
Mechanisms Underlying Transmission of Risk 441
Jutta Joormann, Fanny Eugène, and Ian H. Gotlib
Section V: Treatment of Adolescent Depression 473
Chapter 17 C ognitive Behavioral Therapy for Youth Depression:
The ACTION Treatment Program 475
Kevin D. Stark, Lauren S. Krumholz, Kristen
P. Ridley, and Amy Hamilton
Chapter 18 Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depressed Adolescents 511
Meredith L. Gunlicks and Laura Mufson
Chapter 19 Family-Based Treatment for Adolescent Depression 531
Nadine J. Kaslow, Michelle Robbins Broth,
Natalie Cowles Arnette, and Marietta H. Collins
Chapter 20 Pharmacotherapy for Adolescent Depression 571
Gil Zalsman, Gal Shoval, and Liad Rotstein
Chapter 21 E ffectiveness of Interventions for Adolescent
Depression: Reason for Hope or Cause for Concern? 589
V. Robin Weersing and Araceli Gonzalez
Section VI: Prevention of Adolescent Depression 617
Chapter 22 P revention of Depression in Adolescents: A Review of
Selective and Indicated Programs 619
Judy Garber, Christian A. Webb, and Jason L. Horowitz
Chapter 23 Universal Prevention for Adolescent Depression 661
Katie A. McLaughlin
Chapter 24 Integration and Remaining Questions 685
Susan Nolen-Hoeksema and Lori M. Hilt
Index 691
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Preface
Depressive disorders are among the most common types of psychopathology
in the United States (Kessler et al., 2003). These disorders are associated with
signifi cant psychosocial impairment across multiple domains of function-
ing, including work, family, and social functioning (Kessler et al., 2003; Stein,
Torgrud, & Walker, 2000). Depression is estimated to cost the United States
about $43 billion per year, was named as the second leading cause of disability
in the United States in 1990, and is estimated to be the leading cause of dis-
ability by 2020 (Hirschfi eld et al., 1997; Murray & Lopez, 1996).
One reason these disorders are so costly to individuals and to society is
that they are often chronic and recurrent conditions (Judd, 1997). When these
conditions strike early in adolescence, they are even more likely to be associ-
ated with chronicity and relapse over the life span (Fombonne, Wostear, Coo-
per, Harrington, & Rutter, 2001; Lewinsohn, Rohde, Klein, & Seeley, 1999; Pine,
Cohen, Gurley, Brook, & Ma, 1998). Adolescents who have experienced a major
depressive episode, experience a high risk for relapse in adulthood, and the
majority of adults who develop major depression, experienced problems with
anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescence (Pine et al., 1998). As such,
adolescent-onset depressive disorders represent particularly insidious condi-
tions because of their strong association with chronic and recurrent emotional
problems in adulthood.
Scientifi c interest in the nature, causes, and treatments of depression in ado-
lescents has grown dramatically in the last decade. A search of the PsychInfo
database using the keywords “adolescent and depression” yielded 6,085 refer-
ences, 3,400 of which were published since the year 2000. Most importantly,
the literature on adolescent depression that has emerged in the last decade has
been largely empirically based. We now have many studies of the nature and
assessment of adolescent depression, biological and psychosocial contributors
to adolescent depression, and the effi cacy of treatments for adolescent depres-
sion. Thus, there is much new information to review. There are many remain-
ing questions and controversies in the fi eld, however. For example, the safety
of antidepressant medications for adolescents has been a heated topic in both
the academic and popular press. The chapters in Handbook of Depression in
Adolescents provide both comprehensive review of state-of-the-art knowledge
about adolescent depression and roadmaps for future research.
GOALS FOR THE BOOK
Our fi rst goal for this volume was to shine a light specifi cally on adolescents
who suffer depression. Depressions that occur during adolescence have dif-
ferent characteristics, and possibly different causes and consequences, com-
pared to depressions that occur in childhood or adulthood. It is no longer
necessary or appropriate to make inferences about adolescent depression
that are based on studies of depressed children or adults. The chapters of
Handbook of Depression in Adolescents center specifi cally on the period of
vii
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viii Preface
adolescence, and on the transitions from childhood to adolescence and from
adolescence to adulthood.
Our second goal was to take a developmental psychopathology perspective
on adolescent depression, and thus our fi rst chapter, by Cicchetti and Toth, is
“A Developmental Psychopathology Perspective on Adolescent Depression.”
Adolescence is a period of tremendous physiological, cognitive, and social
change and growth, and there is now a large literature on typical development
in adolescence. We can use this literature to understand how development can
go awry in adolescents who suffer depression.
Our third goal was to maintain a consistent focus on empirical research
in the chapters of this book. Even just a decade ago, much of what was written
about adolescent depression was highly theoretical and not based on empiri-
cal studies. The authors of chapters in this volume are researchers who have
produced the best evidence concerning the nature, causes, and treatments of
adolescent depression. Although theories are obviously used to organize and
interpret research results, the authors focus on theories that have been empiri-
cally supported.
STRUCTURE OF THE HANDBOOK
The fi rst section of Handbook of Depression in Adolescents focuses on the
assessment, diagnosis, and epidemiology of adolescent depression. After the
opening chapter by Dante Cichetti and Sheree Toth on developmental psycho-
pathology, Cecilia Essau and Thomas Ollendick address how depression is
assessed and diagnosed in adolescents, including the pros and cons of differ-
ent self-report questionnaires and diagnostic interviews. In the third chapter,
Kathleen Merikangas and Erin Knight describe the results of community-
based studies of the epidemiology of adolescent depression, which point to an
alarmingly high prevalence of the disorder. LaRue Allen and Jennifer Astuto
address what we know about the infl uence of culture, ethnicity, and socioeco-
nomic status on vulnerability to, and expression of, depression in Chapter 4.
Chapter 5, by Lori Hilt and Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, focuses on the fact that
the gender difference in depression (girls showing more depression than boys)
emerges in early adolescence.
The second section of Handbook of Depression in Adolescents focuses on
conditions that are often comorbid with or related to depression in adoles-
cence. In Chapter 6, Paul Rohde reviews evidence that many other disorders
tend to co-occur with depression in adolescence, including anxiety disor-
ders, eating disorders, and substance use disorders, increasing disability in
affl icted adolescents. Dawn Taylor and David Miklowitz address, in Chapter 7,
the growing literature on bipolar disorder in adolescence, including how it is
distinguished from unipolar depression, and controversies about its diagnosis
and treatment. In Chapter 8, Colleen Jacobson and Madelyn Gould describe the
epidemiology and risk factors for self-injurious behavior that may be related
to adolescent depression by focusing on suicide and non-suicidal self-injury
in adolescence.
Section III of Handbook of Depression in Adolescents focuses specifi cally
on biological factors implicated in adolescent depression. We have chosen to
have separate sections on biological and psychosocial variables because there
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Preface ix
are a large number of specifi c topics to be addressed within each section. In
Chapter 9, Ian Goodyer provides an overview of the literature on neurotrans-
mitters and depression, highlighting those studies that have used adolescent
samples. In Chapter 10, Jennifer Lau and Thalia Eley address the genetics of
depression in general, and what we know about genetic contributors to adoles-
cent depression specifi cally. Finally, Amy Wolfson and Roseanne Armitage,
in Chapter 11, review the growing literature on the importance of sleep physi-
ology in adolescence in general and adolescent depression specifi cally.
Psychosocial factors are the focus of Section IV of Handbook of Depres-
sion in Adolescents. Chapter 12, by Constance Hammen, addresses the dual
hypothesis that stressful events both lead to, and are the result of, depression,
with an emphasis on studies that have been done with depressed adolescents.
Chapter 13, by John Abela and Benjamin Hankin, and Chapter 14, by Karen
Rudolph, review the large literatures on cognitive and interpersonal factors
implicated in adolescent depression. Bruce Compas, Sarah Jaser, and Molly
Benson bring together the work on coping with stress and the emerging fi eld of
emotion regulation in a discussion of their development over adolescence and
their relationship to depression, in Chapter 15. The impact of parental depres-
sion on risk for depression in adolescence is discussed by Jutta Joormann,
Fanny Eugène, and Ian Gotlib in Chapter 16.
Section V highlights several recent studies on treatment of adolescent
depression. Many of these studies have employed cognitive-behavioral treat-
ments, and these are the focus of Chapter 17 by Kevin Stark, Lauren Krumholz,
Kristen Ridley, and Amy Hamilton. Meredith Gunlicks and Laura Mufson
describe the application of interpersonal therapy to adolescent depression
in Chapter 18. Nadine Kaslow, Michelle Broth, Natalie Arnette, and Marietta
Collins discuss the family-based treatments for depression in adolescents in
Chapter 19. The various medications used to treat depressed adolescents, and
the recent controversies over the effectiveness and safety of these medica-
tions are the subject of Chapter 20 by Gil Zalsman, Gil Shoval, and Liad Rot-
stein. Finally, Robin Weersing and Araceli Gonzalez present the results from
a recent meta-analyses of studies of treatments for depression in children and
adolescents in Chapter 21.
Because adolescent depression tends to be chronic and recurrent, and has
such a devastating impact on adolescents’ lives, a critical goal is to prevent
fi rst onsets or recurrences. In the fi nal section of Handbook of Depression
in Adolescents, Judy Garber, Christian Webb, and Jason Horowitz discuss
prevention programs directed at high-risk youth in Chapter 22, then Katie
McLaughlin discusses universal programs designed to prevent fi rst onsets in
general communities of adolescents in Chapter 23. The handbook concludes
with an integrative chapter written by the editors on the interplay of biologi-
cal, psychological, and social factors in adolescent depression.
The chapters of Handbook of Depression in Adolescents are authorita-
tive reviews of research on the nature, causes, and treatments for depression
in adolescents. These chapters also raise critical questions and gaps in our
understanding. We believe they will serve to inform and inspire research on
adolescent depression for years to come.
Susan Nolen-Hoeksema and Lori M. Hilt
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