Handbook of depression and anxiety

852 Pages·2003·3.64 MB·English

by  Den Boer

Handbook of
Depression
and Anxiety
Second Edition, Revised
and Expanded
edited by
Siegfried Kasper
University of Vienna
Vienna, Austria
Johan A. den Boer
Academic Hospital Groningen
Groningen, The Netherlands
J. M. Ad Sitsen
Academic Hospital Utrecht
Utrecht, The Netherlands
MARCEL
MARCEL DEKKER, INC. NEW YORK • BASEL
D E K K E R
The first edition was published as Handbook of Depression and Anxiety: A Biological
Approach, edited by Johan A. den Boer and J. M. Ad Sitsen (Marcel Dekker, 1994).
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN: 0-8247-0872-5
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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Series Introduction
Depressionand anxiety,bothexternallyexperienced andinternallyperceived,are partof
thenormalhumanrepertoireofresponsetostress.Inmyopinion,thosewhoneverexperi-
ence such feelings are seriously ill, unable to recognize or respond appropriately to the
importance of danger and loss. On the other hand, the capacity to tolerate a “normal
expectable”levelofeachisasign ofmentalhealth.Unfortunately,however,manyofus
are unable to withstand the impact of the usual vicissitudes of life and are overwhelmed
by excessive stress or chronic strain. The stressors may be as sudden as the events of
9/11, thediagnosis of alife-threatening disease, orthe loss ofsomeone we love, orthey
maybeanaccumulationoftheordinarystressesoflifeatworkandathome,withfamily
and friends. Symptoms of depression and/or anxiety may develop, sometimes assorted
into identifiable syndromes and, at times, representing specific disease states.
The chapters of this volume provide us with background information, such as the
conceptual history of our understanding of anxiety and depression, their epidemiology
andgenetics.Theyalsoprovideinsightintoourcurrentknowledgeofthephysiologyand
pathology of both anxiety and depression, and information about up-to-date treatment
approaches for both acute and chronic presentations.
Thisvolume shouldbekepton ourdesks, readilyaccessible forconsultationwhen
we need help with understanding the difficult issues that bring people to us in search of
relief.Itisa“vade-mecum”—ausefulmanualofwhatwenowknowaboutthebiological
andpharmacologicaltreatmentsofdepressionandanxiety,andaninvaluableresourcefor
allwhocarefortheafflicted,importantforgeneralpractitionersaswellasforpsychiatrists
andothersinthementalhealthfields.Theinternationallyrenownedgroupofcontributors
illustrate a growing consensus that anxiety and depression are both symptom and syn-
drome,and,insomeinstances,disease.Itistimetoapplythisunderstandingtothepractice
of medicine.
William A. Frosch, M.D.
Weill Medical College of Cornell University
New York, New York
iii

Preface
Anxietyanddepressionarecomplexemotionalstatesinwhichcognitiveevaluationsand
affective and physiological responses are involved. Considering the complexity of these
emotions, which can be described in several scientific languages at different levels of
analysis, there is no doubt that multiple neuronal systems in the brain are implicated in
the pathophysiology of these closely related disorders.
Onaphenomenologicallevel,thereisahighdegreeofoverlapbetweensymptoms
of anxiety and depression as well as a high degree of comorbidity. This does not imply,
however, that bothsyndromes are merely different phenotypicalexpressions of a geneti-
callybasedconstitutionsharingsimilarbiologicalunderpinnings.Thequestionofwhether
anxietyanddepressionresultfromsimilarordifferentbiologicalabnormalitiescannotbe
answered using one research strategy. On the one hand, psychophysiological research
provides evidence suggesting that anxiety and depression are clearly distinct disorders;
on the other hand, some anxiety disorders and depressive syndromes respond to similar
pharmacologicalinterventions.Thus,theseconflictingfindingsfromdifferentbiomedical
fields of research present a challenge to all of us involved in the study of these very
common and often debilitating psychiatric illnesses.
Some investigators argue that distinguishing different subtypes among depressive
syndromes and anxiety disorders is a somewhat artificial practice. They reason that a
syndrome exists based upon a common underlying propensity toward ‘‘nervousness.’’
This (dimensional) viewpoint implies that the different diagnostic categories could be
merely phenotypical manifestations of an underlying vulnerability to anxiety or depres-
sion.
Overthelast decade,ourknowledgeabout the biologicalunderpinningsofdepres-
sion and anxiety disorders has increased substantially, particularly for anxiety disorders,
andnewinsightsarecontinuallyemergingfromwidelydisparatefields,suchasepidemiol-
ogy, genetics, immunology, psychophysiology, and psychopharmacology. This volume
brings together these different disciplines and reviews the state of the art in research on
anxiety and depression and their interrelatedness.
Weconsider ourselvesfortunateto havesucceeded in gettingso manyinternation-
ally renowned contributors, who lend to this volume their knowledge and expertise in
v
vi Preface
thesedisciplines.Wehopethatscientistsandcliniciansfrommanyfieldswillbeinspired
by the exciting findings presented in this book.
Siegfried Kasper
Johan A. den Boer
J. M. Ad Sitsen
Contents
Preface iii
Contributors xi
1. A Conceptual History of Anxiety and Depression 1
Gerrit Glas
2. Epidemiology of Depression and Anxiety 49
Borwin Bandelow
3. Comorbidity of Depression and Anxiety 69
Giovanni B. Cassano, Nicolo` B. Rossi, and Stefano Pini
4. Anxiety, Depression, and Personality 91
Harald N. Aschauer and Monika Schlo¨gelhofer
5. Is There a Common Etiology for Depression and Anxiety? 111
Dean F. MacKinnon and Rudolf Hoehn-Saric
6. Measurements of Depression and Anxiety Disorders 127
Saena Arbabzadeh-Bouchez and Jean-Pierre Le´pine
7. Combining Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy for Depression and
Anxiety 151
Robert H. Howland and Michael E. Thase
8. Genetics of Depression 165
Wolfgang Maier and Kathleen R. Merikangas
vii
viii Contents
9. Genetics of Anxiety 189
Wolfgang Maier
10. Stress-Responsive Neurohormones in Depression and Anxiety 207
Andreas Stro¨hle and Florian Holsboer
11. Neuropeptide Alterations in Depression and Anxiety Disorders 229
David A. Gutman, Dominique L. Musselman, and Charles B. Nemeroff
12. Immunology in Anxiety and Depression 267
Norbert Mu¨ller and Markus J. Schwarz
13. Brain Imaging in Depression and Anxiety 289
Peter S. Talbot, Sanjay J. Mathew, and Marc Laruelle
14. Neurobiology of Anxiety and Depression 331
Philip T. Ninan and Thomas K Cummins
15. Intracellular Signaling Transduction Dysregulation in Depression and
Possible Future Targets for Antidepressant Therapy: Beyond the
Serotonin Hypothesis 349
Andrea Trentani, S. Kuipers, G. J. Ter Horst, and Johan A. den Boer
16. Norepinephrine in Depression and Anxiety 387
Pedro L. Delgado
17. Benzodiazepines, Benzodiazepine Receptors, and Endogenous Ligands 415
Werner Sieghart
18. Antidepressants for the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety Disorders:
Same Mechanism of Action? 443
R. Hamish McAllister-Williams and Stephen P. Tyrer
19. Studies on the Neurobiology of Depression 457
Carlos A. Zarate, Jr. and Dennis S. Charney
20. Animal Models of Subtypes of Depression 505
Paul Willner and Paul J. Mitchell
21. Pathogenesis of Depression: Reconsideration of Neurotransmitter Data
by Depletion Paradigms 545
Alexander Neumeister and Anastasios Konstantinidis
22. Effects of Antidepressants on Specific Neurotransmitters: Are Such
Effects Relevant to Therapeutic Actions? 561
Brian Leonard
Contents ix
23. Pharmacotherapy of Depression: The Acute and Long-Term Perspective 583
Robert J. Boland and Martin B. Keller
24. Pharmacotherapy of Bipolar Disorder 599
Kenneth Thau and Anna Maria Streeruwitz
25. Development of New Treatment Options for Depression 615
Siegfried Kasper and Alan F. Schatzberg
26. The Depressed Patient: From Nonresponse to Complete Remission 629
Koen Demyttenaere and Ju¨rgen DeFruyt
27. Pharmacogenetics of Mood Disorders: Is There a Future? 641
Bernard Lerer, Ofer Agid, and Fabio Macciardi
28. Theories of the Etiology of Anxiety 657
Trevor R. Norman, Graham D. Burrows, and James S. Olver
29. Animal Models of Anxiety and Anxiolytic Drug Action 681
Dallas Treit, Aldemar Degroot, and Akeel Shah
30. Provocation of Anxiety States in Humans and Its Possible Significance
for the Pathogenesis of These Disorders 703
Richard Balon, Robert Pohl, Vikram K. Yeragani, and Ravi K.
Singareddy
31. Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety Disorders 733
David S. Baldwin, David Bridle, and Anders Ekelund
32. Pharmacotherapy of Mixed Anxiety/Depression Disorders 757
A. Carlo Altamura, Roberta Bassetti, Sara Fumagalli, Donato Madaro,
Daniele Salvadori, and Emanuela Mundo
33. New and Emerging Therapies for Anxiety 779
David J. Nutt and Spilios V. Argyropoulos
34. Scales Used in Depression and Anxiety Research 789
Hans-Ju¨rgen Mo¨ller
Index 809