Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Volume 2: Nonlethal Chemical Agents and Biological Warfare Agents

621 Pages·2022·9.285 MB·English

by  D. Hank Ellison

Handbook of Chemical and Biological
Warfare Agents, Volume 2

Handbook of Chemical and
Biological Warfare Agents,
Volume 2
Nonlethal Chemical Agents and Biological
Warfare Agents
Third Edition
D. Hank Ellison
Third edition published 2022
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© 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
First edition published by CRC Press 1999
Second edition published by CRC Press 2007
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ISBN: 978-1-032-13724-7 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-14894-6 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-23056-4 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003230564
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Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgments.............................................................................................................................xi
Explanatory Notes .........................................................................................................................xiii
About the Author.........................................................................................................................xxiii
Incapacitating And Riot Control Agents
Chapter 12 Mind-Altering Agents .................................................................................................3
General Information ....................................................................................................3
Toxicology...................................................................................................................3
Characteristics..............................................................................................................4
Additional Hazards......................................................................................................5
Protection.....................................................................................................................6
Medical ........................................................................................................................8
Fatality Management...................................................................................................9
Bibliography ..............................................................................................................39
Chapter 13 Irritating and Lachrymatory Agents .........................................................................41
General Information ..................................................................................................41
Toxicology.................................................................................................................41
Characteristics............................................................................................................42
Additional Hazards....................................................................................................43
Protection...................................................................................................................44
Medical ......................................................................................................................47
Fatality Management.................................................................................................48
Bibliography ..............................................................................................................66
Chapter 14 Vomiting/Sternatory Agents......................................................................................69
General Information ..................................................................................................69
Toxicology.................................................................................................................69
Characteristics............................................................................................................70
Additional Hazards....................................................................................................71
Protection...................................................................................................................72
Medical ......................................................................................................................74
Fatality Management.................................................................................................75
Bibliography ..............................................................................................................80
Chapter 15 Malodorants...............................................................................................................83
General Information ..................................................................................................83
Toxicology.................................................................................................................83
Characteristics............................................................................................................84
Additional Hazards....................................................................................................85
v
vi Contents
Protection...................................................................................................................85
Medical......................................................................................................................87
Fatality Management.................................................................................................88
Bibliography............................................................................................................104
Biological Agents
Chapter 16 Toxins......................................................................................................................109
General Information................................................................................................109
Toxicology...............................................................................................................109
Characteristics..........................................................................................................110
Additional Hazards..................................................................................................111
Protection.................................................................................................................111
Medical....................................................................................................................114
Fatality Management...............................................................................................115
Bibliography............................................................................................................158
Chapter 17 Bacterial Pathogens.................................................................................................161
General Information................................................................................................161
Response..................................................................................................................162
Additional Hazards..................................................................................................163
Bibliography............................................................................................................205
Chapter 18 Viral Pathogens.......................................................................................................209
General Information................................................................................................209
Response..................................................................................................................210
Additional Hazards..................................................................................................211
Bibliography............................................................................................................288
Chapter 19 Fungal Pathogens....................................................................................................293
General Information................................................................................................293
Response..................................................................................................................293
Bibliography............................................................................................................309
Chapter 20 Bioregulators............................................................................................................311
General Information................................................................................................311
Toxicology...............................................................................................................311
Characteristics..........................................................................................................312
Additional Hazards..................................................................................................312
Protection.................................................................................................................313
Medical....................................................................................................................315
Fatality Management...............................................................................................315
Bibliography............................................................................................................335
Contents vii
Chapter 21 Non-vector Entomological Agents..........................................................................337
General Information................................................................................................337
Bibliography............................................................................................................361
Glossary........................................................................................................................................363
Appendix A Agent Delivery........................................................................................................389
The Agent Cloud.....................................................................................................389
Environmental Impacts............................................................................................390
Weapon Design........................................................................................................391
Frangible Containers................................................................................................394
Pressurized Cylinders..............................................................................................395
Chemical Reaction Devices....................................................................................396
Explosive Dissemination.........................................................................................396
Binary Munitions.....................................................................................................398
Sprayers....................................................................................................................399
Thermal Generators.................................................................................................401
Vectors.....................................................................................................................403
Assassinations and Attempts...................................................................................403
Bibliography............................................................................................................405
Appendix B Summary of Military Chemical Munitions Markings............................................409
World War I............................................................................................................409
World War II...........................................................................................................411
Cold War..................................................................................................................416
Bibliography............................................................................................................419
Appendix C Biological Risk Groups and Biosafety Levels.......................................................421
Bibliography............................................................................................................428
Appendix D International and U.S. Domestic Lists of Agents..................................................429
Indices...........................................................................................................................................445
Alphabetical Index of Chemical Names, Military Codes and
Synonyms.................................................................................................................446
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Numbers.........................................................564
United Nations (UN) Numbers...............................................................................570
European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances
(EC) Numbers..........................................................................................................571
U.S. Food and Drug Administration Unique Ingredient
Identifiers (UNII).....................................................................................................573
11th Revision of the International Statistical Classification of
Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11) Codes.......................................576
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) Codes........578
Viral Taxonomic Families.......................................................................................579
Insect Vectors and Diseases....................................................................................581
Agricultural Animal Diseases.................................................................................584
Agricultural Crop Diseases.....................................................................................586
Index..............................................................................................................................................589
viii Contents
Volume 1 contains the following classes of agents:
Chapter 1 Organophosphorus Nerve Agents
Chapter 2 Carbamate Nerve Agents
Chapter 3 Sulfur and Nitrogen Vesicants
Chapter 4 Arsenic Vesicants
Chapter 5 Urticants
Chapter 6 Bicyclophosphate Convulsants
Chapter 7 COX-Inhibiting Blood Agents
Chapter 8 Arsine Blood Agents
Chapter 9 Carbon Monoxide Blood Agents
Chapter 10 Pulmonary Agents
Chapter 11 Toxic Industrial Agents
Index
Preface to Volume 2
The body of information in this new edition of the handbook exceeds a size that can comfortably
be handled in a single volume. Volume one of this edition contains those classes of military
chemical agents that were developed for their lethal effects as well as toxic industrial agents of
concern. Volume two contains chemicals that were developed as incapacitating agents or for use in
riot control situations, as well as all classes of biological pathogens and mid-spectrum agents. No
value or utility of the agents is implied in this grouping nor in the sequence that the classes are
presented in either volume.
In this volume, two of the classes from the previous edition, bacterial and rickettsial pathogens,
have been consolidated into a single class in order to provide clarity and reflect current scientific
taxonomy. Two new classes of biological agents, bioregulators and non-vector entomological
agents, have been added.
All materials listed in this handbook have been used on the battlefield, stockpiled as weapons,
received significant interest by research programs, used or threatened to be used by terrorists, or
have been assessed by qualified law enforcement and response organizations as agents of
significant concern. In presenting this broad spectrum, I do not offer an evaluation of the efficacy
or viability of the agent classes or any of the individual agents. I have included agents classified by
the military as obsolete along with those that are still considered a potential threat on the
battlefield. It is important to remember that while an agent may have been a failure on the
battlefield, it could still be a very successful weapon in the hands of a terrorist. In order to assure
accuracy, all data has been cross-checked over the widest variety of military, scientific, and
medical sources available.
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