Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents, Second Edition

800 Pages·2007·3.61 MB·English

by  D. Hank Ellison

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Contents
Preface...............................................................................................xxiii
Acknowledgments ................................................................................ xxv
Author...............................................................................................xxvii
ExplanatoryNotes.................................................................................xxix
SectionI NerveAgents 1
1 OrganophosphorusNerveAgents ....................................................... 3
1.1 GeneralInformation ................................................................. 3
1.1.1 G-SeriesNerveAgents....................................................... 3
1.1.2 V-SeriesNerveAgents....................................................... 3
1.1.3 GV-SeriesNerveAgents..................................................... 4
1.1.4 Novichok-SeriesNerveAgents............................................. 4
1.1.5 Comments..................................................................... 4
1.2 Toxicology ............................................................................. 5
1.2.1 Effects .......................................................................... 5
1.2.2 PathwaysandRoutesofExposure......................................... 5
1.2.3 GeneralExposureHazards ................................................. 5
1.2.3.1 G-Series .............................................................. 5
1.2.3.2 V-Series............................................................... 5
1.2.3.3 GV-Series ............................................................ 6
1.2.3.4 NovichokSeries..................................................... 6
1.2.4 LatencyPeriod................................................................ 6
1.2.4.1 Vapor/Aerosols(MistsorDusts)................................. 6
1.2.4.2 Liquids............................................................... 6
1.2.4.3 Solids(Nonaerosol) ................................................ 6
1.3 Characteristics ........................................................................ 6
1.3.1 PhysicalAppearance/Odor................................................. 6
1.3.1.1 LaboratoryGrade................................................... 6
1.3.1.2 MunitionGrade..................................................... 6
1.3.1.3 BinaryAgents....................................................... 7
1.3.1.4 ModifiedAgents.................................................... 7
1.3.2 Stability ........................................................................ 7
1.3.3 Persistency..................................................................... 8
1.3.4 EnvironmentalFate .......................................................... 8
1.4 AdditionalHazards.................................................................. 9
1.4.1 Exposure....................................................................... 9
1.4.2 Livestock/Pets................................................................ 9
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1.4.3 Fire.............................................................................. 9
1.4.4 Reactivity...................................................................... 10
1.4.5 HazardousDecompositionProducts...................................... 10
1.4.5.1 Hydrolysis........................................................... 10
1.4.5.2 Combustion ......................................................... 10
1.5 Protection.............................................................................. 10
1.5.1 EvacuationRecommendations............................................. 10
1.5.2 PersonalProtectiveRequirements......................................... 11
1.5.2.1 StructuralFirefighters’Gear...................................... 11
1.5.2.2 RespiratoryProtection............................................. 12
1.5.2.3 ChemicalProtectiveClothing .................................... 12
1.6 Decontamination ..................................................................... 12
1.6.1 General......................................................................... 12
1.6.1.1 G-SeriesNerveAgents............................................. 12
1.6.1.2 V-SeriesNerveAgents............................................. 13
1.6.1.3 GV-SeriesNerveAgents........................................... 13
1.6.1.4 NovichokAgents................................................... 14
1.6.1.5 Vapors................................................................ 14
1.6.1.6 Liquids,Solutions,orLiquidAerosols.......................... 15
1.6.1.7 Solids,DustyAgents,orParticulateAerosols.................. 15
1.7 Medical................................................................................. 16
1.7.1 CDCCaseDefinition......................................................... 16
1.7.2 DifferentialDiagnosis........................................................ 16
1.7.3 SignsandSymptoms......................................................... 16
1.7.3.1 Vapors/Aerosols.................................................... 16
1.7.3.2 Liquids/Solids...................................................... 16
1.7.4 Mass-CasualtyTriageRecommendations................................. 17
1.7.4.1 Priority1............................................................. 17
1.7.4.2 Priority2............................................................. 17
1.7.4.3 Priority3............................................................. 17
1.7.4.4 Priority4............................................................. 17
1.7.5 CasualtyManagement....................................................... 17
1.8 FatalityManagement ................................................................ 17
References.................................................................................... 101
2 CarbamateNerveAgents.................................................................. 105
2.1 GeneralInformation ................................................................. 105
2.2 Toxicology ............................................................................. 105
2.2.1 Effects .......................................................................... 105
2.2.2 PathwaysandRoutesofExposure......................................... 105
2.2.3 GeneralExposureHazards ................................................. 106
2.2.4 LatencyPeriod................................................................ 106
2.2.4.1 Aerosols(MistsorDusts) ......................................... 106
2.2.4.2 Solids/Solutions(Nonaerosol)................................... 106
2.3 Characteristics ........................................................................ 106
2.3.1 PhysicalAppearance/Odor................................................. 106
2.3.1.1 LaboratoryGrade................................................... 106
2.3.1.2 ModifiedAgents.................................................... 106
2.3.2 Stability ........................................................................ 106
2.3.3 Persistency..................................................................... 107
2.3.4 EnvironmentalFate .......................................................... 107
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2.4 AdditionalHazards.................................................................. 107
2.4.1 Exposure....................................................................... 107
2.4.2 Livestock/Pets................................................................ 107
2.4.2.1 Fire.................................................................... 108
2.4.2.2 Reactivity............................................................ 108
2.4.3 HazardousDecompositionProducts...................................... 108
2.4.3.1 Hydrolysis........................................................... 108
2.4.3.2 Combustion ......................................................... 108
2.5 Protection.............................................................................. 108
2.5.1 EvacuationRecommendations............................................. 108
2.5.2 PersonalProtectiveRequirements......................................... 108
2.5.2.1 StructuralFirefighters’Gear...................................... 108
2.5.2.2 RespiratoryProtection............................................. 109
2.5.2.3 ChemicalProtectiveClothing .................................... 109
2.5.3 Decontamination ............................................................. 109
2.5.3.1 General............................................................... 109
2.5.3.2 SolutionsorLiquidAerosols ..................................... 109
2.5.3.3 SolidsorParticulateAerosols .................................... 110
2.6 Medical................................................................................. 110
2.6.1 CDCCaseDefinition......................................................... 110
2.6.2 DifferentialDiagnosis........................................................ 110
2.6.3 SignsandSymptoms......................................................... 111
2.6.3.1 Aerosols.............................................................. 111
2.6.3.2 Solutions/Solids.................................................... 111
2.6.4 Mass-CasualtyTriageRecommendations................................. 111
2.6.4.1 Priority1............................................................. 111
2.6.4.2 Priority2............................................................. 111
2.6.4.3 Priority3............................................................. 111
2.6.4.4 Priority4............................................................. 111
2.6.5 CasualtyManagement....................................................... 111
2.7 FatalityManagement ................................................................ 112
References.................................................................................... 139
SectionII Vesicant/UrticantAgents 141
3 SulfurandNitrogenVesicants............................................................ 143
3.1 GeneralInformation ................................................................. 143
3.2 Toxicology ............................................................................. 144
3.2.1 Effects .......................................................................... 144
3.2.2 PathwaysandRoutesofExposure......................................... 144
3.2.3 GeneralExposureHazards ................................................. 144
3.2.3.1 SulfurSeries......................................................... 144
3.2.3.2 NitrogenSeries...................................................... 145
3.2.4 LatencyPeriod................................................................ 145
3.2.4.1 Vapor/Aerosols(MistsorDusts)................................. 145
3.2.4.2 Liquids............................................................... 145
3.2.4.3 Solids(Nonaerosol) ................................................ 145
3.3 Characteristics ........................................................................ 146
3.3.1 PhysicalAppearance/Odor................................................. 146
3.3.1.1 LaboratoryGrade................................................... 146
3.3.1.2 MunitionGrade..................................................... 146
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3.3.1.3 ModifiedAgents.................................................... 146
3.3.1.4 MixtureswithOtherAgents...................................... 146
3.3.2 Stability ........................................................................ 147
3.3.3 Persistency..................................................................... 147
3.3.4 EnvironmentalFate .......................................................... 147
3.4 AdditionalHazards.................................................................. 147
3.4.1 Exposure....................................................................... 147
3.4.2 Livestock/Pets................................................................ 148
3.4.3 Fire.............................................................................. 148
3.4.4 Reactivity...................................................................... 148
3.4.5 HazardousDecompositionProducts...................................... 148
3.4.5.1 Hydrolysis........................................................... 148
3.4.5.2 Combustion ......................................................... 149
3.5 Protection.............................................................................. 149
3.5.1 EvacuationRecommendations............................................. 149
3.5.2 PersonalProtectiveRequirements......................................... 150
3.5.2.1 StructuralFirefighters’Gear...................................... 150
3.5.2.2 RespiratoryProtection............................................. 150
3.5.2.3 ChemicalProtectiveClothing .................................... 150
3.5.3 Decontamination ............................................................. 150
3.5.3.1 General............................................................... 150
3.5.3.2 Vapors................................................................ 151
3.5.3.3 Liquids,Solutions,orLiquidAerosols.......................... 152
3.5.3.4 Solids,DustyAgents,orParticulateAerosols.................. 152
3.6 Medical................................................................................. 153
3.6.1 CDCCaseDefinition......................................................... 153
3.6.2 DifferentialDiagnosis........................................................ 153
3.6.3 SignsandSymptoms......................................................... 153
3.6.3.1 Vapors/Aerosols.................................................... 153
3.6.3.2 Liquids/Solids...................................................... 154
3.6.4 Mass-CasualtyTriageRecommendations................................. 154
3.6.4.1 Priority1............................................................. 154
3.6.4.2 Priority2(MajorityofCases)..................................... 154
3.6.4.3 Priority3............................................................. 154
3.6.4.4 Priority4............................................................. 154
3.6.5 CasualtyManagement....................................................... 154
3.7 FatalityManagement ................................................................ 155
References.................................................................................... 187
4 ArsenicVesicants ........................................................................... 191
4.1 GeneralInformation ................................................................. 191
4.2 Toxicology ............................................................................. 191
4.2.1 Effects .......................................................................... 191
4.2.2 PathwaysandRoutesofExposure......................................... 191
4.2.3 GeneralExposureHazards ................................................. 192
4.2.4 LatencyPeriod................................................................ 192
4.2.4.1 Vapor/Aerosols(MistsorDusts)................................. 192
4.2.4.2 Liquids............................................................... 192
4.3 Characteristics ........................................................................ 192
4.3.1 PhysicalAppearance/Odor................................................. 192
4.3.1.1 LaboratoryGrade................................................... 192
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4.3.1.2 MunitionGrade..................................................... 193
4.3.1.3 ModifiedAgents.................................................... 193
4.3.1.4 MixtureswithOtherAgents...................................... 193
4.3.2 Stability ........................................................................ 193
4.3.3 Persistency..................................................................... 193
4.3.4 EnvironmentalFate .......................................................... 193
4.4 AdditionalHazards.................................................................. 194
4.4.1 Exposure....................................................................... 194
4.4.2 Livestock/Pets................................................................ 194
4.4.3 Fire.............................................................................. 194
4.4.4 Reactivity...................................................................... 194
4.4.5 HazardousDecompositionProducts...................................... 194
4.4.5.1 Hydrolysis........................................................... 194
4.4.5.2 Combustion ......................................................... 195
4.5 Protection.............................................................................. 195
4.5.1 EvacuationRecommendations............................................. 195
4.5.2 PersonalProtectiveRequirements......................................... 195
4.5.2.1 StructuralFirefighters’Gear...................................... 195
4.5.2.2 RespiratoryProtection............................................. 196
4.5.2.3 ChemicalProtectiveClothing .................................... 196
4.5.3 Decontamination ............................................................. 196
4.5.3.1 General............................................................... 196
4.5.3.2 Vapors................................................................ 197
4.5.3.3 Liquids,Solutions,orLiquidAerosols.......................... 197
4.6 Medical................................................................................. 198
4.6.1 CDCCaseDefinition......................................................... 198
4.6.2 DifferentialDiagnosis........................................................ 198
4.6.3 SignsandSymptoms......................................................... 198
4.6.3.1 Vapors/Aerosols.................................................... 198
4.6.3.2 Liquids............................................................... 198
4.6.4 Mass-CasualtyTriageRecommendations................................. 198
4.6.4.1 Priority1............................................................. 198
4.6.4.2 Priority2(MajorityofCases)..................................... 199
4.6.4.3 Priority3............................................................. 199
4.6.4.4 Priority4............................................................. 199
4.6.5 CasualtyManagement....................................................... 199
4.7 FatalityManagement ................................................................ 199
References.................................................................................... 205
5 Urticants...................................................................................... 207
5.1 GeneralInformation ................................................................. 207
5.2 Toxicology ............................................................................. 207
5.2.1 Effects .......................................................................... 207
5.2.2 PathwaysandRoutesofExposure......................................... 208
5.2.3 GeneralExposureHazards ................................................. 208
5.2.4 LatencyPeriod................................................................ 208
5.3 Characteristics ........................................................................ 208
5.3.1 PhysicalAppearance/Odor................................................. 208
5.3.1.1 LaboratoryGrade................................................... 208
5.3.1.2 MunitionGrade..................................................... 208
5.3.2 Stability ........................................................................ 209
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