Table Of ContentAugmented Vision and Reality 5
Anestis Terzis E ditor
Handbook
of Camera
Monitor
Systems
The Automotive Mirror-Replacement
Technology based on ISO 16505
Augmented Vision and Reality
Volume 5
Series editors
Riad I. Hammoud, Kokomo, IN, USA
Lawrence B. Wolff, New York, NY, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8612
Anestis Terzis
Editor
Handbook of Camera
Monitor Systems
The Automotive Mirror-Replacement
Technology based on ISO 16505
123
Editor
Anestis Terzis
Department ofElectrical Engineering
andInformationTechnology
Ulm University of Applied Sciences
Ulm
Germany
ISSN 2190-5916 ISSN 2190-5924 (electronic)
Augmented Vision andReality
ISBN978-3-319-29609-8 ISBN978-3-319-29611-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-29611-1
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016930541
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016
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To my children
Angelos and Maria
Preface
This edited book, Handbook of Camera Monitor Systems—The Automotive
Mirror-Replacement Technology based on ISO 16505, aims to provide a compre-
hensiveoverviewofthescienceandtechnologyofcameramonitorsystems(CMS).
The content ranges from the ISO 16505-based development aspects to practical
realization concepts in vehicles. In addition, it serves as a single reference source
with contributions from leading international CMS professionals and academic
researchers combining technological as well as ergonomic aspects. Most of the
authors, including the editor, have been involved in the international standardiza-
tion and regulation of this technology over the past years.
The replacement of automotive mirrors by CMS is a growing research and
development field. Such systems can be used to improve factors in the driver’s
indirectvision,toimproveaerodynamics,andtooptimizethefueleconomyofnew
vehicles. The CMS idea has existed for concept cars for decades, but until now
there was no international legislation framework for such solutions in series pro-
duction vehicles. The first milestone was the publication of the international stan-
dard ISO 16505 “Road vehicles—Ergonomic and performance aspects of Camera
Monitor Systems—Requirements and test procedures” in the year 2015. In com-
binationwiththelatestversionofUNRegulationNo.46,thenormativeframework
of ISO 16505 permits CMS to replace mandatory rear-view mirrors. Working on
CMS requires specific knowledge of the technical fundamentals, standardization
andregulationaspects,aswellasspecificautomotiverequirementsandtherelevant
ergonomics. Although literature exists which covers subtopics, e.g., automotive
cameratechnology, untilnow notextcombiningall therequireddisciplinesinone
special book dedicated to CMS exists. Furthermore, methods and results for the
ergonomic design of such systems are included.
The book is organized into five parts.
Part I “CMS System Design and Standardization and Regulation Aspects” is
dedicated to the system design of passenger as well as commercial vehicles. It
includes a contribution covering the CMS-specific standardization and regulation
vii
viii Preface
aspects. A key topic of CMS, which is addressed by a special contribution, is the
resolution and the sharpness of the complete system.
PartII“FundamentalsofAutomotiveTechnologyforCMS”coverstherelevant
fundamentals of automotive imagers, video interface technology, and embedded
image processing components. All contributions presentthe contentwith regard to
CMS. The optical effects in camera monitor systems in combination with optical
measurement setups are presented in a special contribution.
PartIII“HumanVisualPerceptionandErgonomicDesign”startsbypresenting
the properties of human visual perception with respect to CMS. It includes con-
tributions covering the ergonomic design of CMS for the very demanding com-
mercial vehicles scenario.
Part IV “CMS Tests and Concepts for Passenger Cars and for Commercial
Vehicles” includes a study comparing CMS and conventional exterior mirrors and
whichmadeitsassessmentusingtestdrivesandstatictestsunderdifferentexternal
conditions.ItisauniquetextcoveringtheseaspectswithrespecttotheISO16505
and UN R.46 requirements. The German Federal Highway Research Institute
(BASt)carriedoutthisstudyonbehalfoftheGermanFederalMinistryofTransport
andDigitalInfrastructure.Acontributionwith conceptsfor commercial vehiclesis
also included in this part of the book.
PartV“AdvancedTopics”providescontentwithdirectorindirectrelevanceto
CMS. It begins with a discussion of demanding scenarios in CMS and includes
image-qualitycriteria.Aspecialcontributionpresentsanovelapproachforintuitive
motion and depth visualization for rear-view camera applications. The book con-
cludeswithadedicatedcontributiontotheveryimportantfunctionalsafetyaspects
ofCMSbasedonISO26262.Itexplainswhathazardscouldariseinthecontextof
CMS and how they can be systematically investigated.
Acknowledgments
I would like to acknowledge all those who helped in creating this book. First and
foremost, I want to thank all 23 authors of the book’s chapters. Without your
willingness to invest your valuable time and experiences, this book would never
have seen the light of day in the current form.
IknowmostoftheauthorsfrommytimeworkingonCMSstandardizationand
regulation. This work started officially in 2009 when the Informal Group Camera
Monitor Systems (IGCMS) was established in order to work on the technical
content of United Nations Regulation No. 46. In 2010, the CMS standardization
work began within the framework of the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO). We started the work as an international expert group at a
kick-off meeting in London in 2010. Until 2015, when the ISO 16505 was finally
published and the reestablished IGCMS finalized their work, we worked very
intensively and constructively on this topic. We had working meetings all around
the world including such places as Berlin, Milan, Paris, Stockholm, and cities in
Japan and the USA. We were supported by uncountable web-conferences. Every
expert enriched the group with their special area of expertise and their individual
personality,Ilearnedalotduringthattime.Itwasanhonorformetoworktogether
withthesepeopleandIwanttothankeveryoneforthegreatcooperation.Especially
the convenors of the ISO WG, the delegates from the ministries, the IGCMS
chairman and secretary, the vehicle manufacturers’ associations and all represen-
tatives from the automotive industry and from the technical services. All of them
hadaninfluenceonhowIseeandunderstandcameramonitorsystems,andthus,by
extension, on editing this book. I also want to thank all my direct project cooper-
ation partners in the automotive industry. It was at one of the last expert meetings
where I started thinking about what an enrichment it would be to combine this
expert knowledge in a special book and make it available to the technical and
scientific society. It was the birth of the book idea.
UlmUniversityofAppliedScienceshasprovidedasupportiveenvironmentand
the scientific freedom for me to explore this advanced camera-based driver assis-
tance system and to establish it as a research discipline. Especially, the technical
ix
x Acknowledgments
and scientific facilities of the Institute of Automotive Systems Engineering
(IFS) and the Institute of Communication Technology (IKT) allow for a
system-level approach ranging from chip design and EMC-investigations to real
vehicle implementations. My research team supported my work in the last years
throughstudentprojectsandthesesbothforSWandHWaspectsofCMS.Iowea
debt of gratitude to all of them.
IalsowanttothanktheGermannationalstandardsbodyDIN(DeutschesInstitut
für Normung e.V.) for giving permission1 to use material from ISO 16505.
Furthermore, I greatly appreciate Springer for publishing this book and for the
expert guidance provided throughout the book production process.
Mywholefamilyhasalwayssupportedme.Mywife,Jula,andourtwochildren
have given me the freedom of many evenings and weekends to complete this
manuscript. I am grateful for their considerable patience and support.
Ulm Anestis Terzis
November 2015
1ThefollowinginformationappliestoeveryISO16505referenceinthisbook:
“ReproducedbypermissionofDINDeutschesInstitutfürNormunge.V.Thedefinitiveversion
fortheimplementationofthisstandardisthateditionwhichbearsthemostrecentdateofissue,
obtainablefromBeuthVerlagGmbH,Burggrafenstraße6,10787Berlin,Germany.”
