Table Of ContentHandbook of Bioplastics
and Biocomposites
Engineering Applications
Scrivener Publishing
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Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Handbook of Bioplastics
and Biocomposites
Engineering Applications
2nd Edition
Edited by
Inamuddin
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarth, India
and
Tariq Altalhi
Department of Chemistry, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
This edition first published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener
Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-16013-7
Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xxi
Part I: Bioplastics, Synthesis and Process Technology 1
1 An Introduction to Engineering Applications of Bioplastics 3
Andreea Irina Barzic
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Classification of Bioplastics 4
1.3 Physical Properties 5
1.3.1 Rheological Properties 5
1.3.2 Optical Properties 6
1.3.3 Mechanical and Thermal Properties 7
1.3.4 Electrical Properties 7
1.4 Applications of Bioplastics in Engineering 8
1.4.1 Bioplastics Applications in Sensors 8
1.4.2 Bioplastics Applications in Energy Sector 10
1.4.3 Bioplastics Applications in Bioengineering 12
1.4.4 Bioplastics Applications in “Green” Electronics 13
1.5 Conclusions 16
Acknowledgement 17
Dedication 17
References 17
2 Biobased Materials: Types and Sources 23
Kushairi Mohd Salleh, Amalia Zulkifli, Nyak Syazwani Nyak Mazlan
and Sarani Zakaria
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Biodegradable Biobased Material 25
2.2.1 Polysaccharides 25
2.2.2 Starch 26
2.2.3 Polylactic Acid 28
2.2.4 Cellulose 29
2.2.5 Esters 30
2.2.6 Ether 31
2.2.7 Chitosan 32
2.2.8 Alginate 33
v
vi Contents
2.2.9 Proteins 35
2.2.10 Gluten 36
2.2.11 Gelatine 37
2.2.12 Casein 38
2.2.13 Lipid 39
2.2.14 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) 40
2.3 Nonbiodegradable Biobased Material 41
2.3.1 Polyethylene (PE) 41
2.3.2 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) 42
2.3.3 Polyamide (PA) 43
2.4 Conclusion 44
Acknowledgment 45
References 45
3 Bioplastic From Renewable Biomass 49
N.B. Singh, Anindita De, Saroj K. Shukla and Mridula Guin
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Plastics and Bioplastics 50
3.2.1 Plastics 50
3.2.2 Bioplastics 51
3.3 Classification of Bioplastics 51
3.4 Bioplastic Production 53
3.4.1 Biowaste to Bioplastic 53
3.4.1.1 Lipid Rich Waste 53
3.4.2 Milk Industry Waste 54
3.4.3 Sugar Industry Waste 54
3.4.4 Spent Coffee Beans Waste 55
3.4.5 Bioplastic Agro-Forestry Residue 55
3.4.6 Bioplastic from Microorganism 56
3.4.7 Biomass-Based Polymers 57
3.4.7.1 Biomass-Based Monomers for Polymerization Process 57
3.5 Characterization of Bioplastics 58
3.6 Applications of Bioplastics 60
3.6.1 Food Packaging 60
3.6.2 Agricultural Applications 60
3.6.3 Biomedical Applications 63
3.7 Bioplastic Waste Management Strategies 65
3.7.1 Recycling of Poly(Lactic Acid ) (PLA) 65
3.7.1.1 Mechanical Recycling of PLA 65
3.7.1.2 Chemical Recycling of PLA 65
3.7.2 Recycling of Poly Hydroxy Alkanoates (PHAs) 67
3.7.3 Landfill 68
3.7.4 Incineration 68
3.7.5 Composting 68
3.7.6 Anaerobic Digestion 68
Contents vii
3.7.6.1 Anaerobic Digestion of Poly(Hydroxyalkanoates) 69
3.7.6.2 Anaerobic Digestion of Poly(Lactic Acid) 69
3.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects 70
References 71
4 Modeling of Natural Fiber-Based Biocomposites 81
Fatima-Zahra Semlali Aouragh Hassani, Mounir El Achaby,
Abou el Kacem Qaiss and Rachid Bouhfid
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Generality of Biocomposites 82
4.2.1 Natural Matrix 83
4.2.2 Natural Reinforcement 84
4.2.3 Natural Fiber Classification 84
4.2.4 Biocomposites Processing 85
4.2.4.1 Extrusion and Injection 85
4.2.4.2 Compression Molding 86
4.2.5 RTM-Resin Transfer Molding 86
4.2.6 Hand Lay-Up Technique 86
4.3 Parameters Affecting the Biocomposites Properties 87
4.3.1 Fiber’s Aspect Ratio 87
4.3.2 Fiber/Matrix Interfacial Adhesion 88
4.3.3 Fibers Orientation and Dispersion 89
4.3.3.1 Short Fibers Orientation 89
4.3.3.2 Fiber’s Orientation in Simple Shear Flow 90
4.3.3.3 Fiber’s Orientation in Elongational Flow 90
4.4 Process Molding of Biocomposites 92
4.4.1 Unidirectional Fibers 93
4.4.1.1 Classical Laminate Theory 93
4.4.1.2 Rule of Mixture 93
4.4.1.3 Halpin-Tsai Model 95
4.4.1.4 Hui-Shia Model 95
4.4.2 Random Fibers 96
4.4.2.1 Hirsch Model 96
4.4.2.2 Self-Consistent Approach (Modified Hirsch Model) 97
4.4.2.3 Tsai-Pagano Model 97
4.5 Conclusion 97
References 98
5 Process Modeling in Biocomposites 103
Joy Hoskeri H., Nivedita Pujari S. and Arun K. Shettar
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 Biopolymer Composites 104
5.2.1 Natural Fiber-Based Biopolymer Composites 104
5.2.2 Applications of Biopolymer Composites 105
5.2.3 Properties of Biopolymer Composites 107
5.3 Classification of Biocomposites 108
viii Contents
5.3.1 PLA Biocomposites 109
5.3.2 Nanobiocomposites 109
5.3.3 Hybrid Biocomposites 109
5.3.4 Natural Fiber-Based Composites 109
5.4 Process Modeling of Biocomposite Models 110
5.4.1 Compression Moulding 110
5.4.2 Injection Moulding 111
5.4.3 Extrusion Method 112
5.5 Formulation of Models 112
5.5.1 Types of Model 113
5.6 Conclusion 113
References 115
6 Microbial Technology in Bioplastic Production and Engineering 121
Dileep Francis and Deepu Joy Parayil
6.1 Introduction 121
6.2 Fundamental Principles of Microbial Bioplastic Production 123
6.3 Bioplastics Obtained Directly from Microorganisms 125
6.3.1 PHA 125
6.3.2 Poly (γ-Glutamic Acid) (PGA) 129
6.4 Bioplastics from Microbial Monomers 130
6.4.1 Bioplastics from Aliphatic Monomers 130
6.4.1.1 PLA 130
6.4.1.2 Poly (Butylene Succinate) 133
6.4.1.3 Biopolyamides (Nylons) 134
6.4.1.4 1, 3-Propanediol (PDO) 137
6.4.2 Bioplastics from Aromatic Monomers 137
6.5 Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioplastic Production 138
6.6 Conclusion 140
References 140
7 Synthesis of Green Bioplastics 149
J.E. Castanheiro, P.A. Mourão and I. Cansado
7.1 Introduction 149
7.2 Bioplastic 150
7.2.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) 150
7.2.2 Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) 151
7.2.3 Cellulose 152
7.2.4 Starch 153
7.3 Renewable Raw Material to Produce Bioplastic 153
7.3.1 Raw Material from Agriculture 153
7.3.2 Organic Waste as Resources for Bioplastic Production 153
7.3.3 Algae as Resources for Bioplastic Production 153
7.3.4 Wastewater as Resources for Bioplastic Production 154
7.4 Bioplastics Applications 155
7.4.1 Food Industry 155
